CONTACTS
SUBJECTS
Business Climate
Evaluate existing condition
Market Potential
Automation Trends, AI
Paradigms: Faster is Better
Chips Triumphant, Forbes ASAP, 960226
History of PC Integrated Circuit IC Computer Hardware
1209 -
1209 - ..
1210 - Summary/Objective
1211 -
121101 - Follow up ref SDS 20 0000, ref SDS 22 0000.
121102 -
121103 - This article is about the history, status and projected changes in the
121104 - computer chip industry. It recounts the growth in performance and
121105 - equates this in general with increased usefulness, relating a notion
121106 - of "intelligence" by programming chips applied in various mechanical
121107 - products to accomplish a measure of automatic performance, similar to
121108 - having sprinklers water the lawn at night. The uses of technology and
121109 - future applications are reported to be best determined from how chip
121110 - manufacturers apply their products, i.e., Intel, which supports the
121111 - invitation for them to speak at Asilomar. Vannevar Bush wrote an
121112 - article in 1945, "As We May Think," shortly after development of the
121113 - first digital computer. He set the vision of computers helping people
121114 - think, remember and communicate, essential to cope with a complex
121115 - world of rising population and technology that compresses time and
121116 - distance. ref SDS 0 L47F
121117 -
121118 -
121120 - ..
1212 -
1213 -
1214 - Analysis
1215 -
121501 - Received an article in Forbes ASAP magazine on page 53 of the Feb 26,
121502 - 1996 issue. It is mainly about the history and prospects of the
121503 - computer chip industry.
121505 - ..
121506 - Andy Grove is cited in this article as having "expertly guided Intel
121507 - into a dominant position in the semiconductor market." ref OF 7. An
121508 - interview sidebar says many regard Grove as the best manager in all of
121509 - technology. ref OF 7 5933 (see article on Gates, also, reviewed today.
121510 - ref SDS 27 3955). This article cites a "top challenge as slower PC
121511 - sales in 1996," ref OF 7, echoing concerns of investor analysts on
121512 - 951022. ref SDS 20 3357
121513 -
121514 - [Morris noticed Grove's reputation on 960401, and I cite Grove's
121515 - book published in 1996. ref SDS 33 3703]
121517 - ..
121518 - [On 971222 Time Magazine awarded Grove its "Time Man of the Year"
121519 - for his management of Intel. ref SDS 46 0000]
121521 - ..
121522 - [On 980307 reviewed Grove's book "Only the Paranoid Survive" which
121523 - indicates support for Communication Metrics. ref SDS 47 0001]
121525 - ..
121526 - Buyers of personal computers are said to "...know an amazing amount
121527 - about the microprocessor and its use in the PC," since Packard Bell
121528 - sales were down during last Christmas because they tried selling 75
121529 - MHz computers and the market bought 100 Mhz.
121530 -
121532 - ..
121533 - "Faster is Better" Paradigm
121534 - ---------------------------
121535 - This market result reflects the buyers hunch and hope that if
121536 - they can get a 100 Mhz machine for 2 or 3% more or even for the
121537 - same price as a 75 Mhz then they have achieved a better buy,
121538 - other things being equal, i.e., monitor, hard disk and
121539 - peripherals like multi-media. These may be mainly first time
121540 - buyers who have no benchmark to assess the need for faster
121541 - processors.
121543 - ..
121544 - Buyers merely assume that faster is better for whatever computers
121545 - do. Buyers are not yet making an assessment about the usefulness
121546 - of what they can do with the computer. This year, 1996 and 1997
121547 - may indicate if first time buyers continue to feel the need to
121548 - upgrade. That will show an assessment along the lines discussed
121549 - with Intel in September of last year, ref SDS 18 line 519 and
121550 - ref SDS 10 line 561.
121552 - ..
121553 - The underlying drive for home PC sales to support children in
121554 - their education is something that should continue to fuel the
121555 - market until most everyone has a PC, per ref SDS 18 line 519.
121556 -
121558 - ..
121559 - Faster, Cheaper, More Reliable, User Friendly
121560 -
121561 - The computer chip is cited by Brian Wilkie, general manager of
121562 - Motorola's Advanced microcontroller division, as making products and
121563 - production processes faster, cheaper, more reliable and user friendly,
121564 - ref OF 7 line 53.
121565 -
121567 - ..
121568 - Computers and Leadership/Management Process
121569 -
121570 - How does this technology make the "management process" faster,
121571 - cheaper, more reliable and user friendly for leaders, which is
121572 - the basic question for PMI's Asilomar Conference this year? ref
121573 - OF 4 line 10.
121575 - ..
121576 - Interestingly, computer chips are not cited as being applied to
121577 - the management process, ref OF 7 line 67, except on p. 54 the
121578 - author suggests giving "salespeople laptops" ref OF 7 line 91,
121579 - which implies an application to a "process" that entails using
121580 - human intelligence.
121581 -
121582 - [See meeting with General Hatch at Fluor Daniel, which seems
121583 - to indicate organizations are trying this idea in hopes that
121584 - computers can be useful to the management process, ref SDS 34
121585 - 5839.]
121586 - ..
121587 - Making computers useful to managers requires identifying
121588 - the "management process" and the elements that comprise that
121589 - process to see how the computer chip can improve it. The basic
121590 - process is "plan, perform and report," per ref OF 1 line 200,
121591 - ref OF 2 line 202.
121593 - ..
121594 - At a lower level managers and leaders perform their work using a
121595 - process comprising a continual stream of "think, remember and
121596 - communicate." ref OF 1 line 498, which is the "continual learning
121597 - concept discussed at ref SDS 17 8301.
121599 - ..
121600 - What is it that managers think, remember and communication about?
121602 - ..
121603 - They think, remember and communicate about the connections of
121604 - cause and effect (what lawyers call "causation") between the data
121605 - and information they generate and receive at one moment with what
121606 - has been received and generated previously, and its impact on
121607 - personal and organizational objectives. How can the computer
121608 - chip make this faster, cheaper, more reliable and user friendly?
121609 -
121611 - ..
121612 - Information Processing Power Equated with Chip Performance
121613 -
121614 - The author seems to share the belief of chip engineers and computer
121615 - customers that more processing power produces more "information
121616 - processing" that is useful to people. ref OF 7 4F9M .
121617 -
121618 - This article indicates that technologists feel, believe or
121619 - otherwise describe their work as processing information. If this
121620 - is a mistaken perception, then it explains a lot of why technology
121621 - is not useful to the management process, because managers process
121622 - information.
121624 - ..
121625 - This is why Landauer's book is important in showing this issue
121626 - requires greater consideration, ref SDS 14 line 618. Landauer's
121627 - paper on "Plato's Problem" seems to support the NWO paper
121628 - framework. Thus, it is helpful to ask if computer chips "process"
121629 - information by formulating a foundational query of what it means,
121630 - reflecting the distinction between data, information, knowledge,
121631 - etc.
121633 - ..
121634 - [David Vannier later noted Intel's goal to convert data which
121635 - computers can produce by processing bytes/words, into information,
121636 - ref SDS 37 3503. But, at this time, chips are not processing
121637 - information to produce knowledge, wisdom and vision, ref SDS 37
121638 - 7723, except for SDS.]
121639 -
121640 -
121641 -
121642 -
1217 -
SUBJECTS
AI Fails Intelligence Knowledge Too Complex
Faggin Fredrico Ted Hoff Stan Mazor Invented World's First Microproc
1504 -
150501 - ..
150502 - Artificial Intelligence Not Achievable in Next 20 Years
150503 -
150504 - Feddrico Faggin, former Intel engineer who developed the first
150505 - microprocessor, and now with Synaptics in San Jose, indicates the
150506 - challenge of applying computers usefully to support human thinking,
150507 - such as recognizing a human face. ref OF 9 YC8K
150509 - ..
150510 - He is working on technologies to shrink the distance between man and
150511 - machine. ref OF 9 5D4P
150512 -
150513 - Faggin seems to recognize the challenge of human cognition, similar
150514 - to Landauer reviewed on 950710 concerning the limitations of
150515 - Windows and graphical user interface (GUI), ref SDS 14 3P6G, and
150516 - noting that programmers don't know what to program that makes
150517 - computers useful to people. ref SDS 14 3375
150518 -
150519 -
150520 -
150521 -
150522 -
150523 -
1506 -
SUBJECTS
Information Highway, Change & Buy In
Moore's Law, Internet
Guess Gossip Commedy of Errors Murphy's Law
PC Market Dominated by Microsoft and Intel,
NC Market Promoted by Oracle, Sun, Netscape
History of PC Integrated Circuit IC Computer Hardware
History of PC Software Application of Computer Hardware
Email Does Not Improve Productivity, Degrades It
2710 -
271101 - ..
271102 - Information Highway, Work Environment
271103 -
271104 - There is a sidebar that explains Texas Instruments (TI) is completing
271105 - a 9 year project to design a new computer chip, a digital signal
271106 - processor (DSP) called the C82, which will perform 1.5 billion
271107 - operations per second, and will be used in things like desktop
271108 - videoconferencing and 3D graphics equipment.
271110 - ..
271111 - The article says TI uses technology to link more than 70 far flung
271112 - designers in teams located in England and the US using the telephone,
271113 - email and videoconferencing, ref OF 7 line 271. This is called...
271114 -
271115 - placelessness
271117 - ..
271118 - ...by economist William Knoke, author of
271119 -
271120 - Bold New World
271121 -
271122 - ... is reported to contend that once you're "wired," it doesn't
271123 - matter whether coworkers are across the hall or the hemisphere. "It
271124 - no longer matters where someone is physically," Knoke says. "A team
271125 - can consist of an engineer in Germany, a programmer in India, a
271126 - marketing guru in California." ref OF 7 line 238.
271127 -
271129 - ..
271130 - Communication Management
271131 -
271132 - How do these teams manage communications, as cited later by General
271133 - Hatch at Fluor Daniel on 960410, ref SDS 34 5839, and overcome
271134 - problems of network downtime reported on 960501. ref SDS 36 619L
271136 - ..
271137 - Turner will explain Communication Management at Asilomar for the
271138 - construction industry, per planning on 960125, ref SDS 24 6930, and
271139 - Morris will explain frustrations and problems, when communications
271140 - break down on projects, as related on 950705, ref SDS 13 2955, and
271141 - how psychologists improve communication, reported on 951101.
271142 - ref SDS 21 5500
271143 -
271145 - ..
271146 - Management by Guess and Gossip
271147 - Building the Job with Conversation
271148 -
271149 - This record indicates that TI's project must have been extremely
271150 - frustrating. How much turnover in personnel occurred in these
271151 - teams? How much re-work was needed? How did TI maintain shared
271152 - meaning? How did they discover what was meant and how it related
271153 - to what was actually done?
271154 -
271156 - ..
271157 - Faster Transmission is Better
271158 - Transmission is Only a Small Part of Communication
271159 -
271160 - There seems to be an implicit conclusion that since chip companies are
271161 - trying to use email and the telephone to support design efforts in
271162 - different locations, this is evidence that what is being produced is
271163 - valuable for accomplishing "communications" within and between
271164 - distributed teams. Since projects have been performed in this manner
271165 - for hundreds of years, the question is what value is being added by
271166 - faster transmission of information via email, since that is about all
271167 - that the computer chip is adding to the effort of managing.
271169 - ..
271170 - Does "faster" mean better, any more than "big is better," which the PC
271171 - industry has shown is incorrect relative to the mainframe. If
271172 - "communication" were faster, that would be an improvement in the same
271173 - way that electronic spreadsheets improve upon manual caluclation. But
271174 - Drucker points out that transmitting information is not the same as
271175 - "communication." see review on 931130, ref SDS 7 TP7F and especially
271176 - at ref SDS 7 WO9M
271178 - ..
271179 - In all liklihood, email is detracting from the productivity because of
271180 - the phenomena of people not reading email and writing incorrectly, and
271181 - drawing incorrect conclusions from an increase in information.
271182 -
271184 - ..
271185 - Internet is Useful But Oversold, Overhyped
271186 - Good Applications Come from Unexpected Sources
271187 -
271188 - Andy Grove seems to adopt the usefulness theory of PC as a function of
271189 - how they are being used for on-line services, Web, email and desktop
271190 - conferencing. He notes that these applications were not forecasted,
271191 - but rather appeared on the scene. ref OF 7 line 387.
271193 - ..
271194 - Grove contrasts the flexibility and utility of a PC with the narrow
271195 - use of the $500 internet access tool, being advanced by Oracle, Sun
271196 - and others (LSI), ref OF 7 line 391. He cites the Apple Newton as not
271197 - having wide enough utility to attract widespread use.
271198 -
271199 - [...in another record today, See article on PC industry and the
271200 - Internet. ref SDS 27 0001
271202 - ..
271203 - [On 970617 Fortune article cites Bill Gates support for Grove's
271204 - opinion about superior utility of PC v. NC (Teleputer).
271205 - ref SDS 44 9488
271207 - ..
271208 - Grove's endorsement of email/internet as useful, is echoed by his VP
271209 - Corporate Business Development, Avram Miller. ref OF 7 0085 He gives
271210 - an example of using the Internet or the PC in some fashion to watch a
271211 - college team play something, while wearing 3D glasses, and asks
271212 - readers to "...think of the business that could grow from this."
271213 - ref OF 7 QPSV
271215 - ..
271216 - Gates recognizes marketing inertia of Internet is excessive,
271217 - reported in another record today. ref SDS 27 2044
271219 - ..
271220 - Avram says using a PC in this way sounds "wild." ref OF 7 QPUS, and
271221 - likens this to flying on an airplane.
271222 -
271223 - This is the wrong analogy. Airplanes leverage muscles, PCs
271224 - leverage connections, ref SDS 37 line 198.
271225 -
271226 - [This later was reflected by Marcy's explanation that Intel plans
271227 - to show how to access the internet from a cab, ref SDS 29 line
271228 - 370, and David's feeling that Intel has chosen a different path
271229 - from Welch, ref SDS 37 line 176.]
271231 - ..
271232 - Fedricco Faggin, builder of first microprocessor when at Intel, says
271233 - in the next twenty years computer chips will support convergence of
271234 - computers and communications, wireless, internet. ref OF 7 1558
271235 -
271236 -
271237 -
271238 -
2713 -
SUBJECTS
Moore's Law Gordon Moore Founder Intel Computer Microprocessor Speed
Microprocessor Speed Doubles Every 18 Months Moore's Law Moore, Gordo
Technology Routinize Cognitive Science Good Management Civilization P
Moore, Gordon Founder Intel Computer Processing Performance Doubles E
3006 -
300701 - ..
300702 - Killer Application Rising Computer Performance
300703 - Moore's Law - Gordon Moore, Chip Performance Doubles every 18 Months
300704 -
300705 - This was formulated in 1965 for an article in Electronics Magazine by
300706 - Gordon Moore, then with Fairchild Semiconductor, ref OF 7 UV5G, and
300707 - who was a cofounder, ref OF 7 0479, and is set out as a graph in the
300708 - article at ref OF 7 06Z4, showing industry performance has met Moore's
300709 - forcast. see also ref OF 7 15Z6
300711 - ..
300712 - Moore's law reflects Gilder's "Law of the Microcosm," discussed on
300713 - 940812, ref SDS 10 3385, and again on 950718. ref SDS 15 KZ55 On
300714 - 950927 planned for Intel to present this idea for Asilomar Conference.
300715 - ref SDS 18 5412
300717 - ..
300718 - Moore's Law presents a challenge to find productive use for the rising
300719 - performance of computer microprocessors. The author's say in part...
300720 -
300721 - Moore's Law is also driving another phenomenon. As more
300722 - transistors are put onto a chip, it becomes tougher to
300723 - figure out what to do with all those transistors. This
300724 - works to the advantage of application specialists who
300725 - understand graphics and multimedia... ref OF 7 JF6H
300727 - ..
300728 - Page 70 Forbes ASAP February 26, 1996
300730 - ..
300731 - On 890523 SDS flexible structure applies computers to improve
300732 - productivity with paperless office efficiencies of electronic records
300733 - management requires more processing power to cope with rising
300734 - complexity. ref SDS 3 P13O On 910418 Intel planning to use faster
300735 - computers for improving daily management with efficiencies of
300736 - paperless office. ref SDS 6 2744 Intel expected software should play
300737 - a major role by thinking through scenarios of management tasks and
300738 - applying technology to increase speed and accuracy. ref SDS 6 UT7F A
300739 - major challenge is developing subject indexing to use information on
300740 - the computer. ref SDS 6 5584
300741 -
300742 - [...below, Vannevar Bush proposed in 1945 using computers for
300743 - paperless office efficiencies electronic records management,
300744 - ref SDS 0 H68K
300746 - ..
300747 - [On 960326 planning for Intel to explain power of microcosm at
300748 - Asilomar Conference. ref SDS 32 1183, and use for introducing
300749 - David at Asilomar, ref SDS 40 line 86.]
300751 - ..
300752 - [On 970603 met with Dave Vannier on Intel project to find uses
300753 - for faster, higher priced processors. ref SDS 43 7499
300755 - ..
300756 - [On 970603 Intel planning to make faster computers so people have
300757 - a better experience using graphics playing games. ref SDS 43 R46H
300759 - ..
300760 - [On 991025 Drucker writes article in Atlantic Monthly pointing
300761 - that dramatic gains in productivity have occurred throughout
300762 - history when a paradigm shift occurs, and cites evidence from
300763 - industrial revolution. ref SDS 52 4077
300765 - ..
300766 - [On 030101 Moore's law forecasts reducing keystrokes to save time
300767 - and money by changing paradigm from information to knowledge.
300768 - ref SDS 79 PM53
300770 - ..
300771 - Implications of eventual topping out of doubling of performance is
300772 - explained at ref OF 7 line 1132.
300773 -
300774 -
300776 - ..
300777 - Destruction of Chip Industry - Davidow
300778 -
300779 - Bill Davidow wrote a sidebar on changing methods in chip industry
300780 - resulting in more contracting out of work, ref OF 7 line 890, called
300781 - "going horizontal."
300783 - ..
300784 - On 940702 reviewed Davidow's book. ref SDS 9 0001
300786 - ..
300787 - His article expects the chip industry will become more like the
300788 - construction industry that relies on a general contractor to manage a
300789 - wide range of diverse vendors to create a product, ref OF 7 line 911.
300790 - This will increase the competitiveness of the industry and reduce
300791 - margins, increasing the need for good management in maintaining
300792 - earnings and business viability, similar to construction industry, ref
300793 - SDS 12 line 213, per Drucker's ideas at ref SDS 25 line 304.
300794 -
300795 -
300796 -
3008 -
SUBJECTS
Evolution of Technology Requires SDS as 1st
Change & Buy In
Technological Impact on Practice of
Business Climate
Automated Notebook
Automobile Leverages Muscles; Computer
Intelligence Using Chips
Intelligence, Military
3810 -
381101 - ..
381102 - Forcasting Future Technology is Difficult
381103 -
381104 - Industry experts cannot look out 5 years into the future to forcast
381105 - how computer chips will impact things, ref OF 7 line 107.
381106 -
381107 - Seems like we can say though what we would like computers to be
381108 - able to accomplish and then build something that accomplishes it.
381110 - ..
381111 - The first step is to ask Landauer's question to look for aspects
381112 - of work that can be automated, ref SDS 14 line 852.
381114 - ..
381115 - What is actually occurring is that the industry is creating
381116 - increased capacity without any clear objective except that
381117 - someone will figure out something worthwhile to do with it, and
381118 - they need sales to fuel the R&D. So the industry sells whatever
381119 - is produced whether it is useful or not, feeding on the hunger of
381120 - the market for useful stuff that is easy to use, and credibility
381121 - that a big successful company can produce it.
381122 -
381123 -
381125 - ..
381126 - "Catagory" Evolution - Communication Manager
381127 - --------------------------------------------
381128 - The authors say under "listen to the technology" that the history of
381129 - the chip industry is dynamic; catagories of products i.e., entire
381130 - markets, disappear after the arrival of new technology. They feel
381131 - this volitility will increase in the years to come. The only way to
381132 - survive it is to see it coming (and there won't be much time), usually
381133 - from the most unlikely direction. Then, get your company ahead of the
381134 - curve-or out of the way, ref OF 7 line 188.
381136 - ..
381137 - Andy Grove says the most populuar current application of email and
381138 - Internet, was not expected, ref OF 7 line 387.
381140 - ..
381141 - The author notes that the same process leads to new catagories, ref OF
381142 - 7 line 194.
381144 - ..
381145 - Communication Manager
381146 -
381147 - This reflects the prospects that a new catagory of worker may be
381148 - needed to keep with the new catagory of the Information Highway.
381149 -
381150 - Some companies see it coming.
381151 -
381153 - ..
381154 - How Does Intel Manage Change from Using Computers?
381155 -
381156 - The author says the computer chip brings change, and the best place to
381157 - look for ways to plan for the future and how to conduct our businesses
381158 - --our lives--with any certainty, is in the chip business itself,
381159 - because it was the first to experience the future shock of
381160 - microelectronics, and it has coped the longest, ref OF 7 line 753.
381161 -
381163 - ..
381164 - Asilomar Conference
381165 - Automated Notebook - Automted Thinking
381166 -
381167 - This question would be a good introduction for Intel's
381168 - presentation, since David mentioned Intel has had to adapt to a
381169 - lot of change, ref SDS 18 line 434.
381170 -
381171 - [Used this at ref SDS 40 line 110.]
381173 - ..
381174 - On 950927 David said the relationship between time and information
381175 - is a big problem at Intel, ref SDS 18 5002, and that Intel wanted
381176 - an "automated notebook" that integrates time and information in
381177 - 1991. ref SDS 18 8943
381179 - ..
381180 - Avram Miller, Intel's VP Corporate Business Development, says the
381181 - PC will remain the basic tool to apply computer chips, and will
381182 - become for individuals similar to the automobile in organizing
381183 - human lives. ref OF 7 0085
381185 - ..
381186 - Automobile Leverages Muscles
381187 - PC Leverages Capacity to Think, Remember and Communicate
381188 -
381189 - Miller's analogy of using the Internet to the automobile is
381190 - adequate in the sense that it illustrates the degree of
381191 - dependence on a utility. One could make an analogy that the
381192 - automobile leverages our muscles to carry more groceries home
381193 - from the store, the PC can leverage our mind to think, remember
381194 - and communicate, see POIMS, ref OF 1 3742, and, also, NWO...,
381195 - ref OF 3 6824 and ref OF 3 2266, as developed in the record on
381196 - 950428. ref SDS 12 NS4N
381197 -
381198 - [On 960421 proposal to Intel. ref SDS 35 8079]
381199 -
381200 -
381202 - ..
381203 - Planning for the Future/Change
381204 -
381205 - The author says Moore's Law informs chip manufacturers how to prepare
381206 - for change, ref OF 7 line 755, ref OF 7 line 866; yet the author does
381207 - not really establish this point by citing a list of wild predictions
381208 - from industry experts, and observing that anyone else's predictions
381209 - are just as likely to come true, ref OF 7 line 1015. It directly
381210 - conflicts with Grove's observation that email and desktop conferencing
381211 - were not predicted, and the earlier statement that experts cannot look
381212 - out into the future, per above. ref SDS 0 L3WK
381213 -
381214 - [The history of the PC shows that it resulted from a comedy of
381215 - errors, ref SDS 39 line 32.]
381217 - ..
381218 - As long as people will buy things that are not useful, why bother to
381219 - sit around trying to think about how to make something useful, then
381220 - figure out how to make it. Just keep producing what you know how to
381221 - produce: chips.
381222 -
381223 -
381225 - ..
381226 - Automated Integration
381227 -
381228 - Feddrico Faggin says people want computers that are like people, that
381229 - share many of the featues of our brains--like the ability to learn
381230 - from experience rather than needing to be told in exacting
381231 - detail--without all the complications of emotions and biological
381232 - requirements. we want them to be able to interact with us naturally,
381233 - through sight, sound and touch, ref OF 7 line 1069
381234 -
381236 - ..
381237 - Evolution of Technology to Emulate Human Thinking
381238 -
381239 - Faggin says it is not possible to create processors that provide
381240 - automated integration similar to human mental functioning, ref OF 7
381241 - line 1075, but does not offer any clues about what path might lead to
381242 - it. What intermediate steps are necessary to discover how to build a
381243 - computer that is more like a human brain, and who is working on these
381244 - steps?
381245 -
381246 - [This was considered with Intel for Asilomar, ref SDS 18 line 401,
381247 - per ref SDS 32 line 147, and with Turner and Buoncristiani, ref
381248 - SDS 22 line 828.]
381249 -
381250 -
381252 - ..
381253 - Intelligence - Computer Chips
381254 -
381255 - Brian Wilkie, with Motorola, describes "intelligence" as the following
381256 - at ref OF 7 line 1107:
381257 -
381258 - Telephone is electronic.
381260 - ..
381261 - Cell phone in your car has more user-friendly features than the
381262 - ones on most desks.
381264 - ..
381265 - Hotel door lock has an electronic key that can tell the room to
381266 - wait five minutes then turn off the lights.
381268 - ..
381269 - Designing, and manufacturing clothing can add "intelligence."
381270 - ..
381271 - A few years from now kids could be wearing leather
381272 - jackets with built-in displays."
381274 - ..
381275 - Someone may come up with the smart golf tee. It would register
381276 - your swing as it comes down, then lean left or right to find
381277 - the sweet spot on your club."
381279 - ..
381280 - These are only "intelligence" in a very limited sense.
381282 - ..
381283 - A more useful notion of "intelligence" at least for running an
381284 - organization entails capturing how an article in a magazine relates to
381285 - prior articles, other sources, like discussions, perceptions, current
381286 - work processes, and scheduled tasks. Building a web of connected
381287 - information that alerts the mind to options and implications that are
381288 - otherwise overlooked by conventional considerations, is another form
381289 - of intelligence.
381291 - ..
381292 - Another form is connecting up current work tasks with their source so
381293 - when action is taken it can be aligned with original objectives.
381295 - ..
381296 - Another organizing what is considered so it is available later when
381297 - needed, ref SDS 34 line 692.
381298 -
381299 -
381300 -
3814 -
SUBJECTS
Intel Resisted Microprocessor Vision Intel Leadership Clairvoyant Tr
Fagin Fredrico Ted Hoff Stan Mazor Invented World's First Microproce
4104 -
410501 - ..
410502 - History of Chip Industry and Rise of Intel
410503 - Intel Developed First Microprocessor But Not Sure About Usefulness
410504 -
410505 - Texas Instrument's Jack Kilby co-invented the Integrated Cirucuit (IC)
410506 - in 1958, ref OF 7 BE8N, with Robert Noyce of Fairchild. ref OF 7 B56L
410507 -
410508 - [On 040213 Howard Aiken credited for inventing first compuer,
410509 - ref SDS 81 UP9J, and for observing resistance to new ideas that
410510 - avoids worrying about people stealing intellectual capital, because
410511 - if the idea is useful, you will have to ram it down people's
410512 - throats. ref SDS 81 N87M
410514 - ..
410515 - Glossary of technology terms is presented. ref OF 7 HO4G
410517 - ..
410518 - Computer timeline from abacus in 4th century BC, published by PBS.
410519 - ref OF 53 0001
410520 -
410521 - This one can be edited.
410523 - ..
410524 - Computer history timeline in table format, beginning 3000 BC.
410525 - ref OF 54 0001 This history presents extraneous editorial comments,
410526 - perhaps intended for levity, but distracting.
410527 -
410528 - http://www.warbaby.com/FG_test/Timeline.html
410530 - ..
410531 - Computer history timeline beginning 750 BC...
410532 -
410533 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_timeline_500_BC-1949
410535 - ..
410536 - Timeline is also listed in more detail beginning in 1947 at...
410537 -
410538 - http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist/
410539 -
410540 - [On 040214 Howard Aiken developed first computer at Harvard
410541 - with IBM in 1943 for military calcualtions, ref SDS 81 UP9J,
410542 - but had a very hard time getting financial support. ref SDS 81
410543 - N87M
410545 - ..
410546 - [On 050903 research on patents found Aiken quoted and other
410547 - examples of the challenge of selling new ideas, and others are
410548 - listed as well. ref SDS 87 ED74
410550 - ..
410551 - History of computers in narrative gives a broader explanation of work
410552 - in England, including Newman and Turing. ref OF 45 0001
410553 -
410554 - http://www.cs.usfca.edu/www.AlanTuring.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/BriefHistofComp.html#analog
410556 - ..
410557 - "Computers" historically were clerks who performed, repetitive
410558 - tasks layed out by mathematicians. ref OF 45 JW6F This fits the
410559 - model at the Ballistics Research Laboratory within the Aberdeen
410560 - Proving Grounds at the start of World War II. ref OF 51 FL3G
410562 - ..
410563 - Women were "computers" who performed repetitive tasks for
410564 - calculating artillary firing tables. ref OF 51 FL3G
410566 - ..
410567 - Analog and digital computers explained. ref OF 45 0K6K
410568 -
410570 - ..
410571 - American military history, army historical series, 1989...
410572 -
410573 - http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/amh/amh-toc.htm
410575 - ..
410576 - John von Neumann contributed to computers and to defense work on the
410577 - Manhattan project....
410578 -
410579 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann
410580 -
410581 - Von Neumann worked with Alan Turning when both were at Princton.
410582 - ref OF 45 4S6L
410584 - ..
410585 - Von Neumann is presented in great detail in chapter 4 of the book
410586 - "Tools for Thought" by Howard Rheingold...
410587 -
410588 - http://www.rheingold.com/texts/tft/4.html
410590 - ..
410591 - Goldstine meets von Neumann on the railway platform at Aberdeen,
410592 - with dialog of the discussion...
410593 -
410594 - http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309085470/html/11.html
410595 -
410596 - Also reported in, ref OF 47 Q621
410598 - ..
410599 - Goldstine interview recalls having met von Neumann before the war.
410600 - ref OF 67 9H54
410602 - ..
410603 - ENIAC was initially "programmed" to solve computational problems by
410604 - connecting wires and cables to configure switches. ref OF 67 654H
410606 - ..
410607 - Other interviews are also helpful.
410608 -
410609 - http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/finding_aids/mathoral/pm04.htm
410610 -
410611 - 50 Years of ENIAC - interview with Goldstine. ref OF 66 FW56
410612 -
410613 - http://www.arl.army.mil/main/main/DownloadedInternetPages/CurrentPages/AboutARL/eniac.pdf
410615 - ..
410616 - Von Neumann architecture guides computer hardware design...
410617 -
410618 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture#Von_Neumann_bottleneck
410620 - ..
410621 - Grace Hopper pioneered compiler technology that launched computer
410622 - software...
410623 -
410624 - http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blaiken_hopper.htm
410626 - ..
410627 - Software industry history evolution....
410628 -
410629 - http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~kena/classes/5828/s99/comments/srinivasan/01-29-1999.html
410630 -
410631 - British mathematician, Alan Turing, proposed a hypothetical
410632 - calculating machine which laid the groundwork for programmable
410633 - computers, and introduced considerations of artificial
410634 - intelligence, ref OF 59 0001, proposing a test for determining if a
410635 - computer can "think."
410636 -
410637 - http://tdi.uregina.ca/~complit/comphist.htm
410639 - ..
410640 - Turing machine explained. ref OF 45 IL4M
410642 - ..
410643 - Turing work with John von Neumann at Princeton in 1939.
410644 - ref OF 45 4S6L
410645 -
410647 - ..
410648 - Mechanics of software evolution beginning with machine language
410649 - and assembly...
410650 -
410651 - http://inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/software.htm
410653 - ..
410654 - Programming history of developing languages...
410655 -
410656 - http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Peaks/3938/history.htm
410658 - ..
410659 - Programming machine language, and assembler...
410660 -
410661 - http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0860535.html
410663 - ..
410664 - Operating systems history, including von Neumann architecture....
410665 -
410666 - http://www.osdata.com/kind/history.htm
410668 - ..
410669 - Doug Engelbart's proposal for Augmenting Human Intellect, a Conceptual
410670 - Framework, to the US Air Force, October 1962, SRI Project No. 3578;
410671 - USAF contract AF49(538)-1024
410672 -
410673 - http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B5_F18_ConceptFrameworkInd.html
410674 -
410675 - Another excellent source on Doug's early work at SRI, is presented
410676 - in chapter 9 of the book "Tools for Thought" by Howard Rheingold...
410677 -
410678 - http://www.rheingold.com/texts/tft/9.html
410680 - ..
410681 - Moore's Law came from an article in 1965 in Electronics magazine by
410682 - Gordon Moore, who cofounded Fairchild Semiconductor. ref OF 7 B693
410683 - Moore and Noyce later founded Intel. ref OF 7 0844
410685 - ..
410686 - Microprocessors have a steady march through generation after
410687 - generation of improvements, in the process pulling along all
410688 - electronics, but especially the personal computer, in its wake.
410689 - Moore's Law states that the computer chip performance doubles
410690 - every 18 months. ref OF 7 B844
410691 -
410692 - [On 960612 history of PC industry comedy of errors.
410693 - ref SDS 39 2222
410695 - ..
410696 - [On 010210 history of wordprocessing is covered. ref SDS 66
410697 - IR6N
410699 - ..
410700 - On 991025 Peter Drucker cites industrial revolution for
410701 - examples of earlier technologies with accelerated improvement
410702 - in cost/performance. ref SDS 52 4077
410703 -
410705 - ..
410706 - Transistor Invented Shockley at Bell Labs Caused 50-year Dispute
410707 -
410708 - History is recounted from 1947 with the invention of transistors in
410709 - Bell Labs. ref OF 7 EX9M During the 1950s and 60s, the demand for
410710 - transisters grew substantially. ref OF 7 E681
410712 - ..
410713 - William Shockly won a nobel prize for helping invent the transister at
410714 - Bell Labs, using semiconductors, and he later launched a new company
410715 - to design and build these new devices. ref OF 7 E587
410716 -
410717 - Shockley made significant contributions during WWII. ref OF 20
410718 - 8Q5I
410720 - ..
410721 - Tunneling was a technique for passing electrons through a
410722 - semiconductor. ref OF 20 4T6I
410724 - ..
410725 - Transistor was a major technology breakthrough by condensing
410726 - thousands of switches to perform complex functions, which could
410727 - be used for building blocks to accomplish more complex functions
410728 - due to economies of scale.
410730 - ..
410731 - In 1945 Shockley proposed that Bardeen and Brattain work on a
410732 - design for a field-effect transistor; but the team was unable to
410733 - succeed with this design. ref OF 20 ZR5M Another source
410734 - supports Shockley's initial idea for field-effect transistors.
410735 - ref OF 21 0001
410736 -
410737 - Field Effect Transistor is common technology still in use
410738 - today. ref OF 21 5Y5L
410740 - ..
410741 - Picture of transistor. ref OF 21 01AT
410743 - ..
410744 - An account on John Bardeen says that in 1947 Shockely assigned
410745 - Bardeen and Brattain to work on Shockley's idea for an
410746 - amplifier, and since amplifies are transistors, this sounds like
410747 - Shockley directing the work in 1947. ref OF 20 1I6Q
410749 - ..
410750 - In 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, working at Bell
410751 - Telephone Laboratories, were trying to understand the nature of
410752 - the electrons at the interface between a metal and a
410753 - semiconductor. They realized that by making two point contacts
410754 - very close to one another, they could make a three terminal
410755 - device - the first "point contact" transistor. ref OF 18 3H6G
410757 - ..
410758 - Bardeen and Brattain developed a point contact transistor that
410759 - capatalized on electrical current flowing along the surface of a
410760 - semiconductor, in this case germanium. ref OF 20 1I6Q Shockley
410761 - later developed a junction transistor that operated with current
410762 - flowing directly through the semiconductor. ref OF 20 E000
410764 - ..
410765 - Shockley was in charge of semiconductor research, and assembled
410766 - a top team of scientists after WWII in 1945, and for the purpose
410767 - of inventing a solid state replacement for the vacuum tube.
410768 - ref OF 20 0001
410769 -
410770 - "I cannot overemphasize the rapport of this group. We would
410771 - meet together to discuss important steps almost on the spur
410772 - of the moment of an afternoon. We would discuss things
410773 - freely. I think many of us had ideas in these discussion
410774 - groups, one person's remarks suggesting an idea to another.
410775 - We went to the heart of many things during the existence of
410776 - this group, and always when we go to the place where
410777 - something needed to be done, experimental or theoretical,
410778 - there was never any question as to who was the appropriate
410779 - man in the group to do it." - Walter Brattain, ref OF 20 JR8L
410781 - ..
410782 - Bardeen and Bratain invented in December 1947 point contact
410783 - transistor, the first solid state transistor using semiconductor
410784 - materials, ref OF 20 DPXS But solid point transistors were not
410785 - reliable. ref OF 20 EV9N
410787 - ..
410788 - Shockley wanted sole credit for inventing the first transistor.
410789 - ref OF 20 D219
410791 - ..
410792 - Shockley publicly credited Bardeen and Brattain for inventing
410793 - the first transistor. ref OF 20 QU4I
410794 -
410795 - [...see below similar dispute over credit for developing
410796 - ENIAC. ref SDS 0 6R6K
410798 - ..
410799 - [...see below, similar disputes at Intel over credit for
410800 - developing the first microprocessor. ref SDS 26 X53J
410802 - ..
410803 - Shockely invents junction transistor, ref OF 20 PQXQ, and keeps
410804 - this secret from Bardeen, and Brattain. ref OF 20 0P7G This
410805 - technology required very pure crystal of semiconductor,
410806 - germanium, and this was developed by Teal. ref OF 20 E26O
410808 - ..
410809 - Transistors were used in radios, telephone switching.
410810 - ref OF 20 Q96M
410812 - ..
410813 - IBM history is shown at...
410814 -
410815 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM
410816 -
410817 - Built on Navy contract for the Mark 1, to become the world's
410818 - leader in mainframe computers using transistors.
410820 - ..
410821 - Developed software programming based on punch cards from
410822 - Hollerith's cencus counter method, that came from textile mills,
410823 - which used mechanical clocks, music boxes, pianos.
410825 - ..
410826 - Computers began to support text in order to accept programming.
410828 - ..
410829 - Text editors evolved into word processing.
410831 - ..
410832 - IBM company archives report history.....
410833 -
410834 - http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www%2D1.ibm.com/ibm/history/
410836 - ..
410837 - IBM significant advances in computer technology...
410838 -
410839 - http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.research.ibm.com/know/top.html
410841 - ..
410842 - IBM entered the PC business in 1981....
410843 -
410844 - http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa031599.htm
410845 -
410847 - ..
410848 - Noyce Moore Left Shockley Started Fairchild Semiconductor
410849 - Traitorous 8 Abandoned Shockely Joined Noyce Moore Start Fairchild
410850 - Fairchild Semiconductor Noyce Moore Traitorous 8 Left Shockley
410851 -
410852 - Moore and Noyce, along with six others, left Shockley to start
410853 - Fairchild semiconductor, a subsidiary of Fairchild Camera. ref OF 7
410854 - B56L
410855 -
410856 - Traitorous 8 tried to get Shockley removed from management, and
410857 - when that failed they left the company. ref OF 20 6UPV
410858 -
410859 - Gordon Moore biography, ref OF 17 0001, relates challenges
410860 - working with Shockley, that led to starting Fairchild.
410861 - ref OF 17 YQPQ
410863 - ..
410864 - Article in Computerworld 990519, Noyce, Moore, and the gang of
410865 - eight wanted to make transistors on silicon instead of germanium
410866 - because silicon would withstand higher temperatures. ref OF 32 YG6F
410868 - ..
410869 - Fairchild Camera offered $3,500 in seed money. ref OF 32 F59H
410870 -
410871 - Silicon transistor first device manufactured by Fairchild
410872 - semiconductor, which came from Shockley's objectives, and
410873 - experience at Bell Labs, per Gordon Moore's interview.
410874 - ref OF 17 PRVR
410876 - ..
410877 - Photolighography first used for silicon transistor at
410878 - Fairchild. ref OF 17 VG4H
410880 - ..
410881 - Jean Hoerni writing in his notebook came up with counterintuitive
410882 - ideas for photolithography process to build the first mesa
410883 - transistors, per Gordon Moore interview. ref OF 17 PSQX
410885 - ..
410886 - Planar process developed by Jean Hoerni in 1958, one of the
410887 - Traitorous Eight, who came to Fairchild with Noyce and Moore, was a
410888 - significant step in making better transistors. ref OF 32 YL9N The
410889 - plannar process was a fabrication method that chemically fused an
410890 - insultating layer, which permitted integrating circuits with
410891 - transistor components built into the semiconductor. ref OF 30 0N5O
410892 - A biography on Gordon Moore credits Hoerni's work on the plannar
410893 - process as critical to Noyce developing an IC by increasing
410894 - reliability of transistors, ref OF 24 ED7N, with photolithography
410895 - batch fabrication method, further explained below. ref SDS 0 8H6G
410897 - ..
410898 - Transistor technology is explained in an article...
410899 -
410900 - The History of the Integrated Circuit
410901 -
410902 - http://nobelprize.org/physics/educational/integrated_circuit/history/
410904 - ..
410905 - The integrated circuit is nothing more than a very advanced
410906 - electric circuit. An electric circuit is made from different
410907 - electrical components such as transistors, resistors, capacitors
410908 - and diodes, that are connected to each other in different ways.
410909 - These components have different behaviors. ref OF 13 GY5M
410911 - ..
410912 - Of the components mentioned above, the transistor is the most
410913 - important one for the development of modern computers. Before the
410914 - transistor, engineers had to use vacuum tubes. Just as the
410915 - transistor, the vacuum tube can switch electricity on or off, or
410916 - amplify a current. So why was the vacuum tube replaced by the
410917 - transistor? There are several reasons. ref OF 13 L08N
410919 - ..
410920 - The transistor acts like a switch. It can turn electricity on or
410921 - off, or it can amplify current. It is used for example in
410922 - computers to store information, or in stereo amplifiers to make the
410923 - sound signal stronger. ref OF 13 WY6K
410924 -
410925 - Nobelprize.org
410927 - ..
410928 - The transistor is a three terminal, solid state electronic
410929 - device. In a three terminal device we can control electric
410930 - current or voltage between two of the terminals by applying an
410931 - electric current or voltage to the third terminal. This three
410932 - terminal character of the transistor is what allows us to make
410933 - an amplifier for electrical signals, like the one in our radio.
410934 - With the three-terminal transistor we can also make an electric
410935 - switch, which can be controlled by another electrical switch.
410936 - By cascading these switches (switches that control switches
410937 - that control switches, etc.) we can build up very complicated
410938 - logic circuits.
410939 -
410940 - http://nobelprize.org/physics/educational/transistor/history/
410942 - ..
410943 - Vacuum Tubes
410945 - ..
410946 - The transistor was not the first three terminal device. The
410947 - vacuum tube triode preceded the transistor by nearly 50 years.
410948 - Vacuum tubes played an important role in the emergence of home
410949 - electronics and in the scientific discoveries and technical
410950 - innovations which are the foundation for our modern electronic
410951 - technology. ref OF 18 DU6F
410953 - ..
410954 - Vacuum tubes extended Edison's work using switches to turn a
410955 - light bulb on and off by using the light bulb to turn a
410956 - switch on and off to control the flow of electrical current.
410957 - ref OF 26 0001
410958 -
410959 - http://www.answers.com/topic/vacuum-tube?linktext=vacuum%20tubes
410961 - ..
410962 - Logic gates, also, called flip flop technology applied vacuum
410963 - tubes that turn switches on and off to control electrical
410964 - current. ref OF 55 0001 Eccles and Jordon advanced logic gate
410965 - technology in 1919. ref OF 55 EH6M Logic gates store computer
410966 - memory. ref OF 55 N63J
410967 -
410968 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Eccles
410970 - ..
410971 - Claude Shannon developed theoretical basis for applying
410972 - electrical circuits configured with logic gates to perform
410973 - boolean logic. He worked on the Differential Analyzer
410974 - developed by Vannevar Bush in the early 1930s, which required
410975 - days of setup time, and days to run a calculation. ref OF 57
410976 - NP4K and ref OF 58 ZI8O
410977 -
410978 - [...Differential Analyzer was at Moore School of
410979 - Engineering subcontracted by the Army during WWII for
410980 - caluclating ballistics tables, and then was replaced by
410981 - Mauchly's design implemented by Echert that launched the
410982 - digital computer, later called the Von Neuman
410983 - architecture. ref SDS 0 ZD49
410985 - ..
410986 - http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/shannon.htm
410988 - ..
410989 - http://www.thocp.net/biographies/shannon_claude.htm
410991 - ..
410992 - This account presents Shannon's work applying mathematics to
410993 - model information and communication, including a theory of
410994 - entropy, which may relate to Communication Metrics.
410995 -
410996 - http://www.nyu.edu/pages/linguistics/courses/v610003/shan.html
410997 -
410998 - [On 040312 the idea of "knowledge is power" is derived
410999 - from "information theory" based on the locality
411000 - principal of physics that explains causality and time.
411001 - ref SDS 82 L22S
411003 - ..
411004 - [On 041213 logic gate (flip-flop) circuits are explained
411005 - for computer memory. ref SDS 85 OP7H
411007 - ..
411008 - [On 041213 Tesla credited for logic gate technology.
411009 - ref SDS 85 093O
411011 - ..
411012 - Tesla got the first patent for a vacuum tube. ref OF 26 JJ5O
411013 -
411014 - [On 041213 Nikola Tesla developed vacuum technology,
411015 - leading to application in radios and other wireless
411016 - communications. ref SDS 85 EF5J
411018 - ..
411019 - [On 050903 research on patents found Aiken quoted and
411020 - other examples of the challenge of selling new ideas,
411021 - and others are listed as well. ref SDS 87 ED74
411023 - ..
411024 - Early Computers Used Vacuum Tubes
411026 - ..
411027 - The vacuum tubes tended to leak, and the metal that emitted
411028 - electrons in the vacuum tubes burned out. The tubes also
411029 - required so much power that big and complicated circuits were
411030 - too large and took too much energy to run. In the late
411031 - 1940's, big computers were built with over 10,000 vacuum tubes
411032 - and occupied over 93 square meters of space. ref OF 18 C09O
411034 - ..
411035 - The problems with vacuum tubes lead scientists and engineers
411036 - to think of other ways to make three terminal devices.
411037 - Instead of using electrons in vacuum, scientists began to
411038 - consider how one might control electrons in solid materials,
411039 - like metals and semiconductors. ref OF 18 K14N
411041 - ..
411042 - Limits of individual transistors
411044 - ..
411045 - For many years, transistors were made as individual electronic
411046 - components and were connected to other electronic components
411047 - (resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, etc.) on boards to
411048 - make an electronic circuit. They were much smaller than
411049 - vacuum tubes and consumed much less power. Electronic
411050 - circuits could be made more complex, with more transistors
411051 - switching faster than tubes. ref OF 18 434I
411053 - ..
411054 - But there was a limit on how small you could make each
411055 - transistor, since after it was made it had to be connected to
411056 - wires and other electronics. The transistors were already at
411057 - the limit of what steady hands and tiny tweezers could handle.
411058 - So, scientists wanted to make a whole circuit -- the
411059 - transistors, the wires, everything else they needed -- in a
411060 - single blow. If they could create a miniature circuit in just
411061 - one step, all the parts could be made much smaller.
411062 - ref OF 20 9562
411064 - ..
411065 - However, it did not take long before the limits of this
411066 - circuit construction technique were reached. Circuits based
411067 - on individual transistors became too large and too difficult
411068 - to assemble. There were simply too many electronic components
411069 - to deal with. The transistor circuits were faster than vacuum
411070 - tube circuits, and there were noticeable problems due to time
411071 - delays for electric signals to propagate a long distance in
411072 - these large circuits. To make the circuits even faster, one
411073 - needed to pack the transistors closer and closer together.
411074 - ref OF 18 4G5I
411076 - ..
411077 - Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments is credited for inventing the first
411078 - integrated circuit in the summer of 1958 that constructed
411079 - transisters and other components directly in a computer chip,
411080 - rather than build then separately and connect them with wires.
411081 - ref OF 13 EB5F
411083 - ..
411084 - Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor also developed an
411085 - integrated circuit in 1957, his work improved on the Kilby design
411086 - by adding connections between components into the solid state
411087 - semiconductior. ref OF 13 OK7I Another article on Gordon Moore's
411088 - biography credits Noyce for inveting ICs with connection wiring.
411089 - ref OF 24 TU8O
411091 - ..
411092 - Noyce got a patent, because of superior detail in the application
411093 - filing. ref OF 20 OM5J
411094 -
411095 - What about adding connection wiring, and ability to
411096 - manufacture with photolithography?
411098 - ..
411099 - When engineers tried to build complex circuits using the vacuum
411100 - tube, they encountered limitations. The first digital computer
411101 - ENIAC, for example, was huge, weighing over thirty tons, and
411102 - consumed 200 kilowatts of electrical power. It had over 18,000
411103 - vacuum tubes that constantly burned out, making it very unreliable.
411104 - ref OF 13 Q24G
411105 -
411106 - ENIAC developed by military during WWII to calculate complex
411107 - ballistic trajectories. ref OF 56 0001 and ref OF 56 O055
411108 -
411109 - http://www.thocp.net/hardware/eniac.htm
411111 - ..
411112 - Scientific and logistics support for the US military in 1939
411113 - was the Ballistics Research Laboratory within the Ordance
411114 - Department for the US Army which was located at the Aberdeen
411115 - Proving Grounds in Maryland. This group had acquired a
411116 - Differential Analyser that helped calculate ballistics firing
411117 - tables. ref OF 56 OPVS Besides long start-up times for setting
411118 - up a calculation by connecting cables to configure switches,
411119 - noted in the Shannon biography, ref SDS 0 J46H, the equipment
411120 - frequently failed, requiring calculations to be started over.
411121 - ref OF 56 OPXU
411123 - ..
411124 - Ballistics tables and factors to calculate. ref OF 61 U348
411126 - ..
411127 - Firing Tables a weapon might have 1,800 trajectories, and took
411128 - 30 - 40 hours to calculate a single trajectory. ref OF 60 QP6L
411130 - ..
411131 - The army contracted with the Moore School of Engineering at the
411132 - University of Pennsylvania for calculating support using a
411133 - larger, more reliable Differential Analyser than was available
411134 - at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds facilities. ref OF 56 O097
411135 - This contract led to collaboration and eventual financial
411136 - support from the Army for making improvements to the
411137 - Differential Analyser, developed originally by Vannevar Bush at
411138 - MIT, per above, ref SDS 0 J46H, and this work was managed by
411139 - the Dean and professors at the Moore School of Engineering.
411140 - ref OF 56 O105 As requirements escalated with America's entry
411141 - into the war in 1942, personnel greatly expanded at the
411142 - Aberdeen Proving Grounds.
411143 -
411144 - Goldstine taught a course in exterior ballistics at the
411145 - University of Chicago because Doctor Bliss, who had
411146 - developed the course, and for whom Goldstine was a research
411147 - assistant, got a heart attack and could not teach for
411148 - awhile. ref OF 66 FX31
411150 - ..
411151 - Goldstine was concsripted into the Army Air Corps and sent
411152 - to Sacramento, where he got orders changing his assignment
411153 - to Aberdeen. ref OF 66 FX42 and ref OF 66 FX89
411155 - ..
411156 - Lieutenant Goldstine received a PhD in mathematics from the
411157 - University of Chicago, and on induction into the military
411158 - he was assigned by Captain Gillon for on-site liason and
411159 - supervison of the Army's work at the Moore School of
411160 - Engineering. This placed Goldstein in regular contact with
411161 - a group of talented engineers. Despite improved results
411162 - with the Differential Analyser, work was falling behind
411163 - increased demands for ballistics calculations to meet war
411164 - requirements. Mauchley prepared an outline for an
411165 - electronic calculator. He worked with Eckert to refine the
411166 - plan, and then presented their ideas to Goldstine.
411167 - ref OF 51 B68K
411169 - ..
411170 - Goldstine and Captain Gillon just clicked. ref OF 66 FY36
411172 - ..
411173 - Goldstine had 100 plus women computers calculating firing
411174 - tables at Moore College of Engineering BRL annex.
411175 - ref OF 66 FI4K
411177 - ..
411178 - Goldstine's work at Moore College had nothing to do with
411179 - building a computer; he was hiring and training women
411180 - computers to prepare firing tables. ref OF 67 5L72
411182 - ..
411183 - Von Neumann meeting Goldstine and learning about ENIAC
411184 - electronic computer was an accident at the railway station
411185 - near Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland at mid-night,
411186 - waiting for trains going in opposite directions.
411187 - ref OF 47 QQTX
411189 - ..
411190 - Goldstine's wife, Adele, was part of a 6 women group formed
411191 - to teach new people how to perform the calculations.
411192 - ref OF 67 ZW84
411193 -
411194 - Smithsonian
411195 - National Museum of American History
411196 - Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and
411197 - Innovation
411199 - ..
411200 - Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977
411201 - Jean J. Bartik and Frances E. (Betty) Snyder Holberton
411202 - Interview, April 27, 1973, Archives Center,
411204 - ..
411205 - Page 28
411206 -
411207 - http://invention.smithsonian.org/downloads/fa_cohc_tr_bart730427.pdf
411209 - ..
411210 - Jean J Bartnik...
411212 - ..
411213 - So I knew her, in fact, my introduction to her was
411214 - very interesting to me. Because we were sent over for
411215 - the training course and I came from a small teachers'
411216 - college and women were not allowed to smoke. And if
411217 - you smoked you had to go off to the greenhouse or some
411218 - place, sneak around and smoke. And so I was a kind of
411219 - naive farm girl from Missouri and I came in the class
411220 - and Adele Goldstine walked in and had her hair in an
411221 - upsweep with a cigarette hanging out of one side of
411222 - her mouth and she walked over as the lecturer, threw
411223 - her leg over the table edge and began to lecture with
411224 - this cigarette in her mouth.
411226 - ..
411227 - Well, I thought this was one of the most exotic women
411228 - I had ever met.
411229 -
411230 - ... Adele Goldstine, from the first, struck me as a
411231 - very sharp, exotic, exciting kind of a woman.
411233 - ..
411234 - Adele Goldstine lauched the craft of computer programming,
411235 - according to Herman Goldstine. ref OF 51 FL3G, and
411236 - ref OF 67 ZW57 Adele also wrote the official project
411237 - report on development of ENIAC, with instructions for use
411238 - and maintenance. ref OF 67 ZX35
411240 - ..
411241 - Mauchly's wife, Mary, was part of this core teaching team,
411242 - which could have been a way for Goldstine to meet Mauchly.
411243 - ref OF 67 ZW84 and ref OF 60 OM9H
411245 - ..
411246 - Eventually, Goldstine's BRL group assigned a company of
411247 - WAACS to help with calculating firing tables. ref OF 67
411248 - 239F
411250 - ..
411251 - Goldstine reports that Eckert and Mauchly were around the
411252 - Differential Analyzer alot, and that Eckert made
411253 - improvements, which gave Goldstine confidence that Mauchly
411254 - and Eckert understood computers. ref OF 67 Y49N
411256 - ..
411257 - Adele Goldstine diary explains war years working on ENIAC
411258 - and addresses credit for invention that later became major
411259 - dispute. ref OF 67 WY63
411261 - ..
411262 - Programming ENIAC was all by connecting jumper cables and
411263 - wires to configure switches. Wiring a computer program
411264 - could take days to set up a problem ref OF 67 654H
411265 -
411267 - ..
411268 - Digital Computer Project Launched by Accident
411269 - Experts Warned Against Digital Computers For the Birds
411270 -
411271 - Goldstine learned about the Mauchly memo from a grad
411272 - student. ref OF 61 UJ4L
411274 - ..
411275 - ENIAC 18,000 vacuum tubes was very high risk for failure,
411276 - recognized by Goldstine. ref OF 47 Q621
411278 - ..
411279 - Experts at IBM, MIT, et al, said Mauchly's proposal for
411280 - using electrical circuits to perform digital calcuation
411281 - would not work -- it "was for the birds" -- and urged Army
411282 - to stick with annalog design, which was very popular at
411283 - that time. ref OF 68 MD63
411285 - ..
411286 - Governemnt research organizations NDRC, and later OSRD,
411287 - both headed by Vannevar Bush, who had been Dean of
411288 - Engineering at MIT, when Shannon worked on the Differential
411289 - Analyzer as a graduate student in 1935, and which Bush had
411290 - developed at MIT, per above, ref SDS 0 J46H, concurred with
411291 - the MIT assesment issuing a report that was not favorable
411292 - on developing digital computing. ref OF 68 ME43
411293 -
411294 - [On 970522 Uncle Jim relates experinece in Pentagon
411295 - experts assigned to assess new ideas overwhelmed by
411296 - prevailing paradigms, limited time causes cursory
411297 - review. ref SDS 41 FZ4N
411299 - ..
411300 - [On 001027 experts told Doug Engelbart in the 1970s that
411301 - technology he had developed for linking would never
411302 - work, and would not be useful. ref SDS 61 5D5L
411304 - ..
411305 - [On 020131 improvement at DOD resisted by culture of
411306 - denial. ref SDS 73 G15V Rumsfeld says to be persistant,
411307 - build circle of advocates. ref SDS 73 6L5K
411309 - ..
411310 - [On 040622 experts Knowledge Management professional
411311 - organization says technology to leverage intelligence by
411312 - writings things down, and linking things up will never
411313 - work, urge reliance on conversation. ref SDS 83 CE7J
411315 - ..
411316 - [On 051113 NWO updated with citation that experts feel
411317 - good ideas are "for the birds." ref SDS 88 GI6M
411319 - ..
411320 - Dispute between Mauchly and Atanasof on design for ENIAC.
411321 - ref OF 47 Q466 and ref OF 47 Q583
411323 - ..
411324 - Dispute between Mauchly and Goldstine on invention and
411325 - credit for design of next generation computer after ENIAC.
411326 - ref OF 47 QQYR and ref OF 47 Q703
411328 - ..
411329 - Mauchly, Echert, Goldstine, von Neumann worked as a team to
411330 - design next generation computer. ref OF 47 Q437
411332 - ..
411333 - EDVAC next generation computer "first-draft" dispute
411334 - because von Neumann drafted the docutment, and Goldstine
411335 - put von Neumann's name on it and made distribution, but
411336 - others made wider distribution. ref OF 47 Q786
411337 -
411338 -
411339 -
411340 -
411341 -
4114 -
SUBJECTS
Bush Vannevar Visionary SDS Design Rationale Intelligence Support At
6203 -
620401 - ..
620402 - Bush Visionary Design Rationale Intelligence Support
620403 -
620404 - After the war, in July 1945 Vannevar Bush published an
620405 - article in Atlantic Monthly. He presented lessons learned
620406 - from managing research and development for winning World
620407 - War II. ref SDS 0 YG3K The article...
620409 - ..
620410 - As We May Think
620411 -
620412 - http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~jod/texts/vannevar.bush.html
620414 - ..
620415 - ...presents a vision for technology to help people think,
620416 - remember, and communicate that occurs in daily management
620417 - solving complex problems. ref OF 70 0001 On 941007 Peter
620418 - Wasilko cited correlations between Bush's 1945 article and
620419 - POIMS. ref SDS 11 UP4K Today, is the first chance to
620420 - review Bush's seminal article, while researching
620421 - transformation to a culture of knowledge, per above.
620422 - ref SDS 0 0001
620424 - ..
620425 - [On 991222 Engelbart seems to extend the 1945 vision
620426 - in the Bush article. ref SDS 53 3977
620428 - ..
620429 - Shove All That Paper into Computer for Paperless Office
620430 - Paperless Office Efficiencies Electronic Records Management
620431 -
620432 - In 1965 Gordon Moore reported the speed of microprocessors
620433 - doubles every 18 months. ref SDS 0 4004 By 1996 people are
620434 - worried about how to deploy better computers productively.
620435 - Nobody can think of anything that needs to be improved,
620436 - except pictures and games. ref SDS 0 UM85
620437 -
620438 - [On 970607 Intel making money selling faster processors
620439 - to give customers a better experience playing games.
620440 - ref SDS 43 4486
620442 - ..
620443 - [On 080127 letter to Morris Jones recommends reviewing
620444 - this record on Vannevar Bush vision for using computers
620445 - to perform electronic records management, that sets a
620446 - good agenda for advancing from information to Knowledge
620447 - Management. ref SDS 94 ON3X
620449 - ..
620450 - Bush proposed in 1945 using computers to help people
620451 - "think" in order to cope with expanding complexity in the
620452 - "record" of daily experience attending meetings, making
620453 - calls, reading and writing documents that overwhelm mental
620454 - biology. ref OF 70 1G67
620456 - ..
620457 - [On 000327 Engelbart defines knowledge work, ref SDS 58
620458 - 3971, correlates well with Bush's expression of the
620459 - "record." ref OF 70 1G67
620461 - ..
620462 - Bush described in 1945 a "mechanized file and library to
620463 - store daily working information, ref OF 70 3C47, with
620464 - indexing for precision access (see below, ref SDS 0 GX59),
620465 - Half-a-century later using computers for a library function
620466 - has been called a "paperless office" and "virtual office"
620467 - reported on 910418, ref SDS 6 8848, and earlier on 880726
620468 - PIM software began to implement the Bush vision.
620469 - ref SDS 2 MH8N In 1985 SDS began to integrate personal and
620470 - organizational memory and management using computers to
620471 - cope with complexity; by 890523 this solution was described
620472 - as "flexible structure" with granularity for command and
620473 - control of the microcosm. ref SDS 3 P13O Computers to
620474 - manage expanding information aligns with Drucker's view
620475 - that proactive management applies the power of knowledge,
620476 - reviewed on 931130. ref SDS 8 XM9G Computers for efficient
620477 - storage and records management of daily communications and
620478 - business activity has also been called a knowledge
620479 - "repository," distinguished from data base that tracks
620480 - accounting, payroll, inventory, personnel records, etc. On
620481 - 950927 Intel gave up trying to use computers for management
620482 - support. ref SDS 18 7732 IBM presented computer tools to
620483 - improve management with a general library function to store
620484 - and quickly find critical details, reported 951011.
620485 - ref SDS 19 8392
620486 -
620487 - [On 970525 repository of experience using computers and
620488 - the Internet. ref SDS 42 4700
620490 - ..
620491 - [On 971021 repository project office described in
620492 - article on using computers. ref SDS 45 5884,
620494 - ..
620495 - [On 991222 reviewed Doug Engelbart 1992 paper citing a
620496 - 1962 proposal, ref SDS 53 7H5H, based on the Bush 1945
620497 - article, ref SDS 53 XS6N, and calling for computers to
620498 - provide a knowledge repository. ref SDS 53 KI49
620500 - ..
620501 - [On 000327 Doug Engelbart's explanation of "knowledge"
620502 - work from a paper in 1972 proposes computers store for
620503 - retrieval daily working information from meetings,
620504 - calls, specifications, reports, contracts, everything
620505 - needed to get things done quickly and accurately.
620506 - ref SDS 58 3971
620508 - ..
620509 - [On 000615 engineers gave up because they discovered
620510 - there wasn't enough knowledge to create effective tools
620511 - for a Knowledge Management Repository. ref SDS 59 6271
620513 - ..
620514 - [On 001130 IBM gave up trying to convert Lotus Notes
620515 - into Knowledge Management because there wasn't enough
620516 - knowledge to perform the work. ref SDS 62 F26K
620518 - ..
620519 - [On 010114 Knowledge Management expert reports change
620520 - from "repository" and "library" models for capturing and
620521 - relying on the record accuratley, to instead working by
620522 - conversation from memory. ref SDS 65 EK3I
620524 - ..
620525 - [On 011102 Larry Prusak paper on origins of Knowledge
620526 - Management, and Steve Denning "expert" propose ignoring
620527 - the record, and rely on storytelling with conversation
620528 - to learn implicit knowledge from people recalling past
620529 - experience, e.g., fixing the plumbing with conversation
620530 - rather than plans and specifications, ref SDS 72 H461;
620531 - copy machines repaired by conversation because talking
620532 - is faster and easier than finding and reading
620533 - specifications. ref SDS 72 HD8M
620535 - ..
620536 - [On 020610 SDS design integrates time and information;
620537 - improves literacy that leverages intelligence to think,
620538 - remember, and communicate. ref SDS 75 HA4H
620540 - ..
620541 - [On 020708 example of productivity increased performing
620542 - common tasks with computers using SDS for improving
620543 - human memory. ref SDS 76 MZ6O
620545 - ..
620546 - [On 060317 Aeorspace Company cites Lotus Notes for
620547 - performing documentation and records managmeent with
620548 - computers. ref SDS 90 JS3I and ref SDS 90 IT6Y
620549 -
620550 -
620551 -
6206 -
SUBJECTS
Paperless Office Efficiencies Electronic Records Management Producti
9103 -
910401 - ..
910402 - Complementarity Records Indexing Links Yield Intelligence
910403 - Paperless Office Requires Indexing Trails of Associations
910404 - Indexing Links for Precision Access Computer Records
910405 - Subjects Categorized with Mechanized Library Card Catelog
910406 -
910407 - Bush recognized in 1945 at the dawn of digital computers
910408 - that a paperless office requires precision access using 3
910409 - complementary functions to improve productivity...
910410 -
910411 - 1. Records management - common storage, ref SDS 0 H68K
910412 - 2. Index - organic structure context, ref SDS 0 PG5L
910413 - 3. Trails of associations - linking, ref SDS 0 HE6L
910415 - ..
910416 - [On 070126 case study everybody gave up on 3
910417 - elements of Knowledge Management. ref SDS 92 QH8L
910419 - ..
910420 - The Bush proposal to manage the record based on time,
910421 - indexing, and associations, fits the SDS design using
910422 - flexible structure to integrate chronology, context, and
910423 - connection, explained on 890523. ref SDS 3 UP9S
910425 - ..
910426 - [On 980613 article reports paperless office
910427 - efficiencies of electronic records management
910428 - have not been realized by creating and storing
910429 - information on computers; people overwhelmed by
910430 - information density because only SDS has tools
910431 - that convert information into knowledge.
910432 - ref SDS 49 0526
910434 - ..
910435 - [On 001130 Jack Park identifies 3 elements of
910436 - Knowledge Management in SDS using time and
910437 - context to make sense of the record by connecting
910438 - cause and effect across time and distance.
910439 - ref SDS 63 H17O
910441 - ..
910442 - [On 011102 Larry Prusak at IBM says Knowledge
910443 - Management tries to implement "paperless office"
910444 - efficiencies of electronic records management
910445 - because merely storing information on computers
910446 - overwhelms human mental biology and so degrades
910447 - productivity without complementary support for
910448 - context and connections - aligns with the Bush
910449 - vision for "trails of associations." ref SDS 71
910450 - M24F
910452 - ..
910453 - [On 080127 letter to Morris Jones recommends
910454 - reviewing this record on Vannevar Bush vision for
910455 - using computers to perform electronic records
910456 - management, that sets a good agenda for advancing
910457 - from information to Knowledge Management.
910458 - ref SDS 94 ON3X
910460 - ..
910461 - Experience over the ensuing 50 years has shown that a 4th
910462 - factor is essential for computers to augment intelligence.
910463 -
910464 - 4. Efficient usability - see POIMS. ref OF 1 6M5H
910465 -
910466 - [On 020531 efficient usability reviewed during
910467 - meeting with Mike Poremba. ref SDS 74 5M3G
910469 - ..
910470 - [On 040921 some give up improving management
910471 - because constructing an accurate record is hard
910472 - work without SDS technology using complemtarity
910473 - and efficient usability. ref SDS 84 PG6T
910474 -
910475 -
910476 -
9105 -
SUBJECTS
Library Consulted Rarely Nibbled History Only Accessible Professiona
9403 -
940401 - ..
940402 - Library Vast Sources Consulted Rarely Barely Nibbled
940403 - History Only Accessible Professional Researchers Writers
940404 - Record Nibbled by Few Diligent Search Finds One a Week
940405 -
940406 - Efficient storage of the record on compressed computers for
940407 - electronic records management does not improve productivity
940408 - except for a few professional researchers and writers who
940409 - can afford to invest time using ancient methods for finding
940410 - correlations, implications and nuance among the vast
940411 - volumes of documents.
940413 - ..
940414 - Bush noted in 1945...
940415 -
940416 - Mere compression, of course, is not enough; one needs
940417 - not only to make and store a record but also to be able
940418 - to consult it, and this aspect of the matter comes
940419 - later. Even the modern great library is not generally
940420 - consulted; it is nibbled by a few. ref OF 70 1RWX
940421 -
940422 - [...below case studies - indexing must assemble
940423 - chronology into trails of association that make
940424 - sense of complexity connecting dots of cause and
940425 - effect. ref SDS 0 368K
940427 - ..
940428 - Intellectual Capital Inheritance of Civilization
940429 - Profit Invest Intellectual Capital Knowledge Management
940430 - Knowledge Management Civilization Profits from Inheritance
940431 - Precision Access Finding Selecting Knowledge Needle in Haystack
940432 -
940433 - Bush continues in 1945 article As We May Think...
940434 -
940435 - So much for the manipulation of ideas and their
940436 - insertion into the record. Thus far we seem to be
940437 - worse off than before - for we can enormously extend
940438 - the record; yet even in its present bulk we can hardly
940439 - consult it. This is a much larger matter than merely
940440 - the extraction of data for the purposes of scientific
940441 - research; it involves the entire process by which man
940442 - profits by his inheritance of acquired knowledge. The
940443 - prime action of use is selection, and here we are
940444 - halting indeed. There may be millions of fine
940445 - thoughts, and the account of the experience on which
940446 - they are based, all encased within stone walls of
940447 - acceptable architectural form; but if the scholar can
940448 - get at only one a week by diligent search, his
940449 - syntheses are not likely to keep up with the current
940450 - scene. ref OF 70 1G67
940452 - ..
940453 - Envisioning precision access as the enabling force to lift
940454 - civilization by multiplying rewards for routinely investing
940455 - intellectual capital is a very big idea envisioned in 1945
940456 - when people were still connecting cables and wires to
940457 - program a computer problem. ref OF 67 654H
940459 - ..
940460 - Vannear Bush proposed in general terms an organic structure
940461 - of context to categorize subjects that make sense of
940462 - complex problems by searching an index to find information
940463 - with precision access. ref OF 70 TZ7P Bush recognized that
940464 - a paperless office storing information on computers is only
940465 - useful if people can find it in time to be effective. He
940466 - expected this would require more robust indexing of content
940467 - than occurs with traditional library card catelog methods
940468 - that index only at the document level. ref OF 70 6Z54
940469 -
940470 - [On 050516 index and search documents on computers
940471 - seems slow, and fails to finding everything.
940472 - ref SDS 86 BQ68
940474 - ..
940475 - [On 070126 search becomes "Holy Grail" for computer
940476 - productivity using Google technology to index
940477 - content of documents for keywords with logical
940478 - operators. ref SDS 92 B366
940480 - ..
940481 - [On 070126 paperless office to capture daily
940482 - working information and store on the computer, with
940483 - complementary support using robust indexing and
940484 - trails of associations for precison access became
940485 - "Knowledge Management," and was abandoned;
940486 - mainstream enterprise could only accomplish the
940487 - first step storing information on computers;
940488 - requirements for complementary indexing and linking
940489 - to make information productive proved too difficult
940490 - to design and deploy, probably because emphasis on
940491 - appearance conflicts with need for structure.
940492 - ref SDS 92 QH8L
940494 - ..
940495 - SDS context management explained on 880628 uses granular
940496 - indexing of organic subject structures applied to low
940497 - levels in the microcosm of history with Control Fields that
940498 - identify flexible record sugments, along with granular
940499 - addressability to manage expanding complexity. ref SDS 1
940500 - BI3G The challenge of context management was reported on
940501 - 880628. ref SDS 1 OL6H On 890523 intelligence support
940502 - requires complementarity between capturing the record,
940503 - subject indexing, and links increase understanding with
940504 - precision access, ref SDS 3 T15F; benefits of granular
940505 - indexing were explained, ref SDS 3 OS4H; with examples of
940506 - common organic subject structures, ref SDS 3 428F, which
940507 - shows context management is very complex, difficult work
940508 - without efficient tools implementing "paperless office"
940509 - capabilities. ref SDS 3 LV59
940511 - ..
940512 - On 910418 Byte magazine reported that the Bush vision of
940513 - subject indexing to make the paperless office productive is
940514 - very difficult to accomplish. ref SDS 6 8848
940515 -
940516 - [On 991222 categorizing was proposed by Doug Engelbart
940517 - in a 1992 paper, ref SDS 53 EO6M, citing a 1962 SRI
940518 - proposal, ref SDS 53 7H5H, based on the Bush 1945
940519 - article, ref SDS 53 XS6N, called for computers to
940520 - organize information for quickly finding details using a
940521 - 3 x 5 card system. ref SDS 53 UD7F
940523 - ..
940524 - [On 991231 research on W3C standards for HTML describes
940525 - meta commands to specify key words for a search engine
940526 - to find web page documents on the Internet. ref SDS 54
940527 - YS86
940529 - ..
940530 - [On 000221 subject indexing described as "ontology" was
940531 - characterized as a "Pandora's Box" of complexity.
940532 - ref SDS 55 L58O
940534 - ..
940535 - [On 010420 categorizing with "metadata" assigns words
940536 - and phrases to web pages on the Internet; semantic
940537 - indexing helps people find documents that have been
940538 - assigned metadata, ref SDS 67 X44G, using a controlled
940539 - vocabulary for a community of practice. ref SDS 67 0161
940541 - ..
940542 - [On 020822 people feeling pain trying metadata with
940543 - Lotus Notes to organize the record and find critical
940544 - details when needed; trying Grove, Groove and Sharepoint
940545 - weblogs and portals with metadata on the Internet.
940546 - ref SDS 77 Q99G
940548 - ..
940549 - [On 021031 article reports people giving up on metadata
940550 - to organize the record and find information; indexing
940551 - words is fast and easy. ref SDS 78 VX4J
940552 -
940554 - ..
940555 - Links Connect Trails of Associations to Understand History
940556 - Trails of Associations Accuracy Quickly Find Relevant History
940557 -
940558 - Bush further recognized the mind works by association in a
940559 - web of trails, ref OF 70 R56L; but, working quickly forces
940560 - faded memories to rely on assumption remembering only the
940561 - gist of the story. Failure to check the record causes
940562 - endless mistakes - continual bumbling. POIMS makes similar
940563 - points. ref OF 1 3385 Bush envisioned computers can
940564 - strengthen mental biology by constructing links into trails
940565 - of associations that empower people to work quickly and
940566 - remember accurately using precision access to the "record"
940567 - rather than rely on assumption. ref OF 70 R56L This fits
940568 - the cognitive science model of human thought using
940569 - "intelligence" to construct "meaning" from experience by
940570 - connecting cause and effect. reviewed on 900303.
940571 - ref SDS 4 3002 In 1945, Bush recognized from many years
940572 - directing US R&D during World War II, ref SDS 0 YG3K, that
940573 - regulations, laws, and standards requiring an "audit trail"
940574 - documenting "traceability to original sources" in order to
940575 - avoid mistakes by expanding span of attenion are mostly
940576 - ignored, because alignment is hard to accomplish without
940577 - tools, reviewed on 950721. ref SDS 16 1740
940579 - ..
940580 - Using an accurate record of prior related work, i.e.,
940581 - history, knowledge, experience, to expedite getting things
940582 - done seems to escape most everyone as counterintuitive.
940583 - Because conversation (and today email) relying on
940584 - assumption is mind numbingly easy, people feel "paperwork"
940585 - - keeping records, documenting alignment, writing things
940586 - down, linking things up, making trails of associations
940587 - within contextual frames proposed by Bush to find critical
940588 - details, check the record to discover cause and effect - is
940589 - a nusiance, unnecessary overkill, to be avoided at all
940590 - costs. Transcending this dilemma makes the Bush article an
940591 - oasis of lucidity beyond reach until people experience the
940592 - intelligence process of using the "record" to plan,
940593 - perform, and report on daily work, called out in POIMS.
940594 - ref OF 1 6649
940595 -
940596 - [On 960321 cognitive science and psychology paper by
940597 - Laundauer, et al., seems to support the idea of using
940598 - technology to aid human thinking by tracking trails of
940599 - associations to understand "meaning" in a complex,
940600 - dynamcially, expanding record of daily work.
940601 - ref SDS 30 RM5H
940603 - ..
940604 - [On 960322 expanding complexity requires tools for
940605 - command control of the record proposed by Bush in 1945
940606 - developed in subject index using organic structures of
940607 - context to balance summary for perspective with
940608 - precision access to details that control the work.
940609 - ref SDS 31 7749 Communication Metrics practices use
940610 - tools that leverage intelligence for managing
940611 - complexity. ref SDS 31 JY3L
940613 - ..
940614 - [On 991222 SRI's proposal to DOD in 1962, prepared by
940615 - Doug Engelbart, cites large parts of Bush's 1945
940616 - article verbatim, ref SDS 53 XS6N, and requests
940617 - funding to develop capability for linking back to
940618 - original sources. ref SDS 53 UD9J
940620 - ..
940621 - [On 000307 research at SRI on OHS/DKR project found
940622 - that good management is a lot of hard work that people
940623 - hate doing without tools for working intelligently.
940624 - ref SDS 57 767G
940626 - ..
940627 - [On 010907 working intelligently to reduce mistakes,
940628 - save lives, time, and money has to be balanced against
940629 - requirements for confidentiality, and requests for
940630 - suppression not supported by rational basis.
940631 - ref SDS 70 HJ4G
940633 - ..
940634 - [On 080206 Morris asks how SDS enables creating so
940635 - many links with precision access in email when other
940636 - technologies that everybody else uses prevent creating
940637 - any links. ref SDS 95 R67J
940638 -
940640 - ..
940641 - Encyclopedia Organize Computer Data for Precision Access
940642 - Electronic Filing Storage Fast Easy Access to Everything
940643 - Paperless Office Everything on Computer Requires Organization
940644 -
940645 - Bush envisioned in 1945 that technology would augment
940646 - personal and organizational memory for knowledge work based
940647 - on a "paperless office" model using electronic records
940648 - management, per above, ref SDS 0 H68K, for an efficient
940649 - library and encyclopedia. At that time he said...
940651 - ..
940652 - Consider a future device for individual use, which is a
940653 - sort of mechanized private file and library. ... stores
940654 - all his books, records, and communications, and which
940655 - ...may be consulted with exceeding speed and
940656 - flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to
940657 - his memory. ref OF 70 3C47
940659 - ..
940660 - Bush describing paperless office "supplement to memory" correlates to
940661 - aiding intelligence with accurate personal and organizational memory
940662 - explained in POIMS, ref OF 1 1101, since research on 900319 found that
940663 - accurate memory is the foundation of human reasoning, ref SDS 5 1323,
940664 - i.e., intelligence, that "connects the dots" of cause and effect.
940666 - ..
940667 - [On 040113 executives, engineers, marketing
940668 - visionaries lose sight of purpose for knowledge
940669 - management, because leveraging intelligence to
940670 - "connect the dots" for understanding cause and effect
940671 - in a complex record remains a mysterious biological
940672 - process; people cannot remember what knowledge
940673 - management is trying to accomplish. ref SDS 80 VK4N
940674 -
940676 - ..
940677 - Indexing Time Context Improves Traditional Keyword Search
940678 - Context Management Integrates Time Context for Case Studies
940679 - Case Studies Root Cause Analysis Benefits Paperless Office
940680 -
940681 - Bush continues in As We May Think...
940682 -
940683 - Wholly new forms of encyclopedias with associative
940684 - trails running through them... The lawyer has at his
940685 - touch the associated opinions and decisions of his
940686 - whole experience, and of the experience of friends and
940687 - authorities. The patent attorney has on call the
940688 - millions of issued patents, with familiar trails to
940689 - every point of his client's interest.
940691 - ..
940692 - The physician, puzzled by its patient's reactions,
940693 - strikes the trail established in studying an earlier
940694 - similar case, and runs rapidly through analogous case
940695 - histories, with side references to the classics for the
940696 - pertinent anatomy and histology. The chemist,
940697 - struggling with the synthesis of an organic compound,
940698 - has all the chemical literature before him in his
940699 - laboratory, with trails following the analogies of
940700 - compounds, and side trails to their physical and
940701 - chemical behavior. ref OF 70 A756
940703 - ..
940704 - "Case studies" replace assumption to accurately apply experience. The
940705 - Bush vision in 1945 using computer indexing to assemble lessons
940706 - learned logically advances information management to a new way of
940707 - working. A practice of knowlege management applies experience culled
940708 - instantly from the record of history and assembled chronologically
940709 - with everything in the right place to connect cause and effect within
940710 - contextual frames. Bush recognized in 1945 that traditional indexing
940711 - keywords, like in a library or filing cabinet, is not sufficient, per
940712 - above. ref SDS 0 NF9J Robust indexing with cross-referencing and
940713 - comprehensive trails of associations (today called "links") integrates
940714 - time and context to automatically assemble case studies for
940715 - understanding cause and effect assessed by the weight of evidence
940716 - across space and time.
940718 - ..
940719 - Bush anticipated SDS design that integrates chronology, context, and
940720 - connection, explained in POIMS, ref OF 1 8555, that enables
940721 - intelligence support, explained in NWO. ref OF 3 A56M This applies
940722 - granular division of time, with granuar indexing and addressability,
940723 - also explained in POIMS. ref OF 1 KH8J
940724 -
940725 - [On 000227 case study technology support requested by
940726 - Eric Armstrong trying to develop Knowledge Management
940727 - capability for OHS/DKR project team meeting at SRI
940728 - under Doug Engelbart. ref SDS 56 0937
940730 - ..
940731 - [On 061018 example of "case studies" for medical work,
940732 - ref SDS 91 0001; NWO gives an example of case study
940733 - for medical practice, ref OF 3 PXWX, envisioned by
940734 - Bush in 1945, per above. ref SDS 0 RT3I
940736 - ..
940737 - [On 070126 case study shows people have given up on
940738 - Knowledge Management technology for paperless office
940739 - because adding "metadata" to index documents is not
940740 - sufficient to make case studies fast and easy.
940741 - ref SDS 92 QH8L
940743 - ..
940744 - [On 071212 encountering vast complexity of granular
940745 - indexing that represents a mere fraction of trails
940746 - associating life experience in the human mind seems at
940747 - first overwhelming. ref SDS 93 ZJ3H
940748 -
940750 - ..
940751 - Bush continues in As We May Think...
940753 - ..
940754 - Delight Transforms Diligence into Fun Writing History
940755 - Analyst Work Role Required New Way Working Paperless Office
940756 - Professional Role Historian Constructs Useful Trails
940757 - Paperless Office Everything Stored Requires New Work Role
940758 -
940759 - The Bush 1945 article in Atlantic Monthly, per above,
940760 - ref SDS 0 L47F, further recognized requirements for a new
940761 - professional role synthesizing the ancient scribe with the
940762 - modern librarian, historian, and accountant. A new role is
940763 - essential for transformation to a culture of knowledge.
940764 - Trained experts using specially designed tools capture and
940765 - organize the vast record of daily work that accumulates
940766 - over months and years. "Connecting the dots" of cause and
940767 - effect transforms information into the power of knowledge
940768 - that lifts performance of everyone, like a pilot who helps
940769 - all the passengers get from New York to San Francisco in a
940770 - few hours, without having to learn a lot of complicated
940771 - work practices. Experts using intelligence support tools
940772 - can draw case studies, per above, ref SDS 0 368K, that
940773 - reveal correlations, implications, and nuance that are
940774 - usually overlooked until disaster strikes. Bush says in
940775 - part...
940776 -
940777 - The historian, with a vast chronological account of a
940778 - people, parallels it with a skip trail which stops only
940779 - at the salient items, and can follow at any time
940780 - contemporary trails which lead all over civilization at
940781 - a particular epoch. There is a new profession of trail
940782 - blazers, those who find delight in the task of
940783 - establishing useful trails through the enormous mass of
940784 - the common record. The inheritance from the master
940785 - becomes, not only his additions to the world's record,
940786 - but for his disciples the entire scaffolding by which
940787 - they were erected. ref OF 70 VH7L
940789 - ..
940790 - Delight creating trails, noted by Bush, connect cause and
940791 - effect into the power of knowledge that controls the
940792 - future. Tools that make working intelligently fast, easy,
940793 - and fun transform diligence into delight saving lives,
940794 - time, and money, explained in POIMS. ref OF 1 6M5H
940795 -
940796 - [On 010425 "utopia" - Morris Jones describes having
940797 - everything in the right place at the right time.
940798 - ref SDS 68 EP7F
940800 - ..
940801 - [On 010517 Pat Lincoln explained objectives for
940802 - "scalable knowledge" that empowers many people to
940803 - benefit from trails of associations created by only a
940804 - few. ref SDS 69 4Q5I
940806 - ..
940807 - Bush forsaw in 1945 the rudiments of a modern PC configured
940808 - to perform work using "paperless office" efficiencies of
940809 - electronic records management. ref OF 70 3C56, including
940810 - efficient usability, ref OF 70 TZ7P, by applying both hands
940811 - to execute commands that optimize left and right brain
940812 - power, (see POIMS, ref OF 1 6M5H), for command and control
940813 - of the record. ref OF 1 1113 In 1985, SDS began
940814 - implementing "paperless office" capability for electronic
940815 - records management with subject indexing, explained on
940816 - 880628. ref SDS 1 9142 SDS applies 7 elements of "flexible
940817 - structure" listed on 890523 that improves reading and
940818 - writing for better command and control to make sense of
940819 - complexity in the record of daily work. ref SDS 3 TP8O
940821 - ..
940822 - [On 001025 Doug Engelbart issued OHS Launch Plan
940823 - calling for Knowledge Integrator that may be a new way
940824 - of working applying the historian role proposed by
940825 - Bush. ref SDS 60 8094
940827 - ..
940828 - [On 001204 Doug Engelbart proposed "high performance
940829 - support teams to provide professional role using
940830 - technology for augmenting intelligence with personal
940831 - and organizational memory. ref SDS 64 8O4L
940833 - ..
940834 - Bush concludes in As We May Think...
940835 -
940836 - Encyclopedia -- Bush anticipates opportunity for integrated
940837 - memory tools, ref OF 70 A756, that empower people to
940838 - construct a daily record of personal and organizational
940839 - memory as a dynamic "encyclopedia" for getting things done
940840 - quickly and accurately, as set out in POIMS. ref OF 1 4662
940841 -
940842 - [On 040622 Jack Park offers expansive, practical
940843 - theory for using technology to make sense of
940844 - complexity in the mold of the Bush formulation in
940845 - 1945. ref SDS 83 FM5W
940847 - ..
940848 - Chronology, context, and connection described variously by
940849 - Bush, ref OF 70 VH7L, anticipates POIMS explanation of SDS
940850 - design. ref OF 70 VH7L
940851 -
940852 -
940853 -
940854 -
9409 -
SUBJECTS
Default Null Subject Account for Blank Record
9503 -
950401 - ..
950402 - Goldstein Biography Assignment Moore College Engineering
950403 - Give Goldstien the Money for First Digital Computer ENIAC
950404 - Digital Computer Emerged from Confluence of Enabling Forces
950405 - Enabling Forces Align Finance Development 1st Digital Computer
950406 -
950407 -
950408 - Proposal prepared by Brainerd, Mauchly, and Eckert, and
950409 - Goldstine said it would be approved. ref OF 67 YK45
950411 - ..
950412 - Veblen said to Major Simone, Give Goldstine the money. It
950413 - was Pres Eckert's 24th birthday. ref OF 67 GY6F
950415 - ..
950416 - In the early part of 1943 Captain Goldstine and Professor
950417 - Brainard brought to Colonel Gillon an outline of technical
950418 - ideas underlying the development of ENIAC. Outline was
950419 - prepared at Captain Goldstine's request by John Mauchly,
950420 - PhD, and JP Eckert, Jr. ref OF 56 O155
950422 - ..
950423 - Goldstine interview explains Oswald Veblen was the Chief of
950424 - the Science Advisory Board at Aberdeen Proving Grounds, and
950425 - a founder of the IAS at Princeton, which is how von Neumann
950426 - got assigned.
950428 - ..
950429 - Goldstine was originally posted to Denver and then to
950430 - Sacramento, but his college professor, Bliss, who had
950431 - worked at Aberdeen during WWI, when Veblen was also on
950432 - staff, wrote and told Veblen about Goldstine, who then got
950433 - orders to report to Aberdeen Proving Grounds.
950435 - ..
950436 - Goldstine and Mauchly both married 2 of the six women hired
950437 - to work at the Moore College on EINAC. Adele Goldstine was
950438 - an accomplished programmer. ref OF 67 ZW57 Kathleen (Kay)
950439 - Mauchly was Mauchly's 2nd wife, after the first, Mary, died
950440 - in 1946 in a swimming accident. ref OF 61 UK83 Mauchly's
950441 - first wife, Mary, also worked for Goldstine as a "computer"
950442 - trainer. ref OF 67 ZW84 Kay initially worked for Mary,
950443 - ref OF 60 LL6F, and married John Mauchly in 1948, several
950444 - years after the death of Mary. ref OF 60 OM9H
950446 - ..
950447 - Mauchly biography explains combination of experience leads
950448 - to invention. ref OF 46 R399
950450 - ..
950451 - What really damned Mauchly in court was a letter he wrote
950452 - to Atanasoff on September 30, 1941, in which he said: "A
950453 - number of different ideas have come to me recently about
950454 - computing circuits--some of which are more or less
950455 - hybrids, combining your methods with other things, and
950456 - some of which are nothing like your machine. The question
950457 - in my mind is this: Is there any objection, from your
950458 - point of view, to my building some sort of computer which
950459 - incorporates some of the features of your machine?"
950461 - ..
950462 - http://www.jhu.edu/~jhumag/1199web/invent.html
950464 - ..
950465 - John Atanasoff earned a masters degree in mathematics and a
950466 - PhD in physics. He was teaching physics at Iowa State
950467 - College in November 1939, where he teamed with a graduate
950468 - studen, Clifford Berry, to design and build a digital
950469 - computer implementing Shannon's call for using vacuum tubes
950470 - to perform binary mathematics....
950472 - ..
950473 - [On 110226 0712 letter asks Kathy to compare "reading"
950474 - conventional book on Atanasoff with electronic "book"
950475 - in NWO. ref SDS 96 V99M
950477 - ..
950478 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoff
950480 - ..
950481 - Atanasoff visited IBM in 1941 only to hear that "IBM sees
950482 - no future in electronic computing."
950483 -
950484 - http://www.laynetworks.com/history2.htm
950486 - ..
950487 - In 1942 Atanasoff joined the Naval Ordnance Laboratory
950488 - (NOL) in Washington, DC. At NOL, Atanasoff worked on
950489 - design and testing of pressure mines, and later acoustic
950490 - mines. In 1943 John Mauchly paid Atanasoff another visit,
950491 - this time at NOL. Mauchly subsequently took a position at
950492 - NOL and also continued his work on computing machines at
950493 - the Moore School. Atanasoff would subsequently receive the
950494 - Distinguished Civilian Service Award for his work for the
950495 - Navy.
950497 - ..
950498 - http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1234040.1234058&coll=GUIDE&dl=ACM&CFID=15151515&CFTOKEN=6184618
950500 - ..
950501 - See also...
950502 -
950503 - Smithosian National Museum of American History
950504 - Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation
950505 - Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977
950506 - Interviewee: John V. Atanasoff (1903-1995)
950507 - Interviewer: Bonnie Kaplan Date: August 16, 1972
950508 - Repository: Archives Center, National Museum of
950509 - American History
950511 - ..
950512 - http://inventions.smithsonian.org/downloads/fa_cohc_tr_atan720816.pdf
950514 - ..
950515 - Mauchly submitted a design to his boss at Moore College for
950516 - an electronic calculator in 1941. Nothing was done. In
950517 - 1943 a grad student asked Goldstine if he had seen
950518 - Mauchly's memo. He hadn't, and so asked to see it.
950519 - However, the college had lost the memo. It had to be
950520 - reconstructed from a secretary's shorthand notes.
950521 - Goldstine grasped Mauchly's central idea. Making a gear
950522 - wheel stop or start in one-millionth of a second was tough,
950523 - but it was easy to start or stop an electron in that span
950524 - of time. Goldstine took Eckert and Mauchly to the Aberdeen
950525 - Proving Grounds in Maryland to pitch the Army brass on
950526 - their idea in April 1943. Among those listening were
950527 - Colonel Leslie Simon, director of the Army's Ballistics
950528 - Research Laboratory, and Oswald Veblen, a renowned
950529 - mathematician. Partway through the presentation, Veblen
950530 - interrupted and said, "Simon, give Goldstine the money."
950531 - Thus was born, with $61,700 in funding, the project to
950532 - create the Electronic Numerical Integrator and
950533 - Computer--ENIAC.
950535 - ..
950536 - http://www.jhu.edu/~jhumag/1199web/invent.html
950538 - ..
950539 - EINAC was a highly speculative project that faced
950540 - opposition for funding. ref OF 56 O163 The government
950541 - initially contracted with the University of Pennsylvania
950542 - for a feasibility study budgeted to cost about $62K
950543 - ref OF 56 OQWR Nine (9) amendments to the original contact
950544 - increased the cost to $487K for a "pilot model" in 1946
950545 - first operated at the University, and then delivered to the
950546 - Ballistic Research Laboratories at Aberdeen Proving
950547 - Grounds. ref OF 56 OQWY
950549 - ..
950550 - Oswald Veblen launched IAS at Princeton, and got von
950551 - Neumann to work on the Science Advisory Board at Aberdeen
950552 - Proving Grounds, where Veblen was the Chief of the
950553 - Board...
950554 -
950555 - http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Veblen.html
950556 -
950558 - ..
950559 - Research staff and faculty of the Moore School under Dr.
950560 - Pender undertook development of ENIAC. Professor Brainerd
950561 - supervised the work with Mr. Eckert as chief engineer and
950562 - Dr. Mauchly the principal consultant. Captain Goldstine
950563 - was the resident supervisor for the government representing
950564 - the Ordnance Department, and further contributed greatly to
950565 - the mathematical side of the work. ref OF 56 OQXW and
950566 - ref OF 51 YY7K
950568 - ..
950569 - Pender and many others doubed viability of ENIAC, but in
950570 - May 1944 the "two accumulator test" passed, and Pender
950571 - expressed "moderate optimism" it might work. ref OF 52 JU6N
950572 - Doubts remained, but Mauchly and Eckert inventor team was
950573 - very optimistic. ref OF 52 428H
950575 - ..
950576 - ENIAC was the prototype from which most other modern
950577 - electronic digital computers evolved using a modified
950578 - Eccles-Jordan flip-flop as a logical, high-speed
950579 - storage-and-control device. ref OF 56 ORQS
950581 - ..
950582 - Dispute on who invented ENIAC, credit for patents began in
950583 - June 1945, von Neumann produced "First Draft of a Report on
950584 - the EDVAC," a seminal document in computer history.
950585 - controversial one. It was intended for circulation among
950586 - the team; however, it was widely circulated, and other
950587 - members of the team were annoyed to find little or no
950588 - mention of their own contributions. This, combined with
950589 - patent rights disputes, led to several confrontations and
950590 - the later breakup of the team. ref OF 51 WB8H
950592 - ..
950593 - John von Neumann had the greatest influence on the EDVAC,
950594 - the Moore School's successor to the ENIAC and to all other
950595 - computers. ref OF 49 WP8H
950597 - ..
950598 - Patent disputes occurred between Eckert and Mauchley on one
950599 - side, and Gillon, von Neumann, and Goldstine. ref OF 49
950600 - XRSS Ill will was further fueled by perceived slights over
950601 - credit and attribution for developing ENIAC. ref OF 49 0O7N
950602 -
950603 - Disputes over credit reflect problems with invention of
950604 - the transistor. ref SDS 0 L27K
950606 - ..
950607 - Disputes at Intel over credit for developing the first
950608 - microprocessor. ref SDS 0 X53J
950610 - ..
950611 - ENIAC was not originally designed as an internally
950612 - programmed computer. The program was set up manually by
950613 - varying the connection of switches and cable. Program
950614 - trays, similarly, transferred instructions; i.e., programs.
950615 - ref OF 56 O312
950617 - ..
950618 - Programming new problems meant weeks of checking and set-up
950619 - time, for the ENIAC was designed as a general-purpose
950620 - computer with logical changes provided by plug-and-socket
950621 - connections between accumulators, function tables, and
950622 - input-output units. However, the ENIAC's primary area of
950623 - application was ballistics--mainly the differential
950624 - equations of motion. ref OF 56 O406
950625 -
950626 -
950627 -
950629 - ..
950630 - Manhatten project was the first use of ENIAC.
950632 - ..
950633 - ENIAC developed main design elements and logic still used for
950634 - computers. ref OF 56 ORQS
950636 - ..
950637 - ENIAC applied Eccles-Jordan binary mathematics.
950638 -
950639 - RECKONERS
950640 - THE PREHISTORY OF THE DIGITAL
950641 - COMPUTER, FROM RELAYS TO THE
950642 - STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT,
950643 - 1935-1945
950644 - Paul E. Ceruzzi
950646 - ..
950647 - http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Reckoners.html#TOC
950649 - ..
950650 - This section on chapter 5, discusses binary math, and
950651 - Eccles-Jordan logic gate (flip-flop) technology...
950653 - ..
950654 - http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Reckoners-ch-5.html
950655 -
950657 - ..
950658 - Miniaturization Limited by Hand Assembly of Very Small Parts
950659 -
950660 - When building a circuit, it is very important that all connections
950661 - are intact. If not, the electrical current will be stopped on its
950662 - way through the circuit, making the circuit fail. Before the
950663 - integrated circuit, assembly workers had to construct circuits by
950664 - hand, soldering each component in place and connecting them with
950665 - metal wires. Engineers soon realized that manually assembling the
950666 - vast number of tiny components needed in, for example, a computer
950667 - would be impossible, especially without generating a single faulty
950668 - connection. ref OF 13 P46F
950670 - ..
950671 - Another problem was the size of the circuits. A complex circuit,
950672 - like a computer, was dependent on speed. If the components of the
950673 - computer were too large or the wires interconnecting them too long,
950674 - the electric signals couldn't travel fast enough through the
950675 - circuit, thus making the computer too slow to be effective.
950676 - ref OF 13 Q63F
950678 - ..
950679 - So there was a problem of numbers. Advanced circuits contained so
950680 - many components and connections that they were virtually impossible
950681 - to build. This problem was known as the tyranny of numbers.
950682 - ref OF 13 E73M
950683 -
950685 - ..
950686 - Miniaturization rationale is presented by Penn State Broadcasting.
950687 - ref OF 27 0001 John Smart explains Acceleration Watch with a
950688 - theory of no limits on miniaturization that extends Moore's Law
950689 - citing a developmental spiral, ref OF 28 0001, and discussing
950690 - singularity. ref OF 28 ZG9O Smart says...
950691 -
950692 - "....accelerating...localized and miniaturized systems, a
950693 - phenomenon that has been called the developmental spiral, has
950694 - been noted by an increasing number of careful thinkers since
950695 - Darwin's age. An overview of the long history of discussion of
950696 - accelerating change can be found in our Brief History of
950697 - Intellectual Discussion of the Singularity, recommended for
950698 - those seeking a broader context for these fascinating ideas.
950699 - ref OF 28 VW8I
950701 - ..
950702 - Technology that accelerates information beyond the capacity of
950703 - mental biology to convert information into knowledge requires
950704 - correlating technology that augments intelligence in a New
950705 - World Order. (see NWO..., ref OF 3 23ME and ref OF 3 2773)
950706 -
950707 - [On 980613 article explains accelerating technology causes a
950708 - tsunami of information overload that reduces productivity.
950709 - ref SDS 49 3499
950711 - ..
950712 - [On 990218 Roy Roebuck looked at technology and proposed a
950713 - "oneness" concept that may relate to "singularity.
950714 - ref SDS 50 8034
950716 - ..
950717 - [On 051130 AIA Architect cites expanding information density
950718 - that overwhelms limited span of attention. ref SDS 89 Y23J
950719 -
950721 - ..
950722 - Photolithography Solved Problem of Hand Assembly Small Parts
950723 -
950724 - Miniaturization using planar technology and photolithography most
950725 - responsible for Moore's Law. ref OF 29 MY6Y
950726 -
950727 - http://research.microsoft.com/~Gray/Moore_Law.html
950728 -
950729 - ...and also...
950730 -
950731 - http://mason.gmu.edu/~rschalle/moorelaw.html
950733 - ..
950734 - Photolighography solved the problem by enabling construction at the
950735 - microcosmic level, steps are listed. ref OF 13 9O3N Article on
950736 - history of photolithography does not present any actual history on
950737 - applying technology to integrated circuits. ref OF 22 ML5P
950738 - Another article explains photolithography steps again.
950739 -
950740 - Gordon Moore used photolithography at Fairchild to build the
950741 - first integrated circuit. ref OF 24 ED7N
950743 - ..
950744 - Photolighography first used for silicon transistor at
950745 - Fairchild, interview Gordon Moore. ref OF 17 VG4H
950747 - ..
950748 - Bob Noyce had responsibility for setting up lithography. He
950749 - went to San Francisco to a large camera store and dug through
950750 - their supply of 16mm movie camera lenses--and picked out the
950751 - three that were best matched in so far as focal length was
950752 - concerned. And those were the optics in the step-and-repeat
950753 - cameras we built to make the first transistor structures.
950754 - ref OF 17 NB5K
950756 - ..
950757 - Jean Hoerni writing in his notebook came up with
950758 - counterintuitive ideas for photolithography process to build
950759 - the first mesa transistors, per Gordon Moore interview.
950760 - ref OF 17 PSQX
950762 - ..
950763 - When patents for the planar transistor were being filed, Noyce
950764 - was working with the patent attorney and the patent attorney
950765 - suggested: "Now, have you looked at all the ramifications of
950766 - this technology?" And Bob, who was director of research and
950767 - development at Fairchild at that time went back... actually had
950768 - a meeting of the senior staff there and during that meeting, he
950769 - invented the two things that were needed to go from the planar
950770 - transistor to an integrated circuit: the idea of using
950771 - thin-film interconnections over the top of the silicon oxide,
950772 - and the idea of using extra junctions in order to isolate one
950773 - transistor from another. And he came up with both of those
950774 - during the same meeting. ref OF 17 IQ7O
950776 - ..
950777 - Noyce added ability to manufacture circuitry to make integrated
950778 - circuits practical; extending the work of Kilby at IT, who had
950779 - developed a product with a lot of wires sticking out to connect
950780 - the various components, and which was not practical because it
950781 - could not be manufactured, per Gordon Moore interview.
950782 - ref OF 17 ET9M
950784 - ..
950785 - The ability to project a clear image of a very small feature
950786 - onto the wafer is limited by the wavelength of the light that
950787 - is used and the ability of the reduction lens system to capture
950788 - enough diffraction orders from the illuminated mask. Current
950789 - state-of-the-art photolithography tools use Deep Ultraviolet
950790 - (DUV) light with wavelengths of 248 and 193 nm, which allow
950791 - minimum resist feature sizes down to 65nm. ref OF 23 WQUS
950793 - ..
950794 - Miniaturization gives the processor great power; transistors
950795 - and connecting wires are designed full scale, and shrunk to a
950796 - microscopic size--less than a micron in width, or one millionth
950797 - of a meter. Photolithography must be able to focus light at
950798 - this level of accuracy.
950800 - ..
950801 - Integrated circuits today contain several hundred million
950802 - components on an area no larger than a fingernail. The
950803 - transistors on these chips are around 90 nm, that is 0.00009
950804 - millimeters*, which means that you could fit hundreds of these
950805 - transistors inside a red blood cell. ref OF 13 4S4M
950807 - ..
950808 - Photolihography initially enabled Large Scale Integration
950809 - (LSI), and then was improved to enable very large scale
950810 - integration (VLSI). ref OF 25 0001 Carver Mead at Cal Tech,
950811 - ref OF 25 1X5F, and Lynn Conway at Xerox Parc, ref OF 25 IY8G,
950812 - wrote a text book to teach VLSI, and this helped spread the
950813 - technology.
950814 -
950816 - ..
950817 - Chip (Microprocessor) Fabrication. ref OF 19 1411
950818 -
950820 - ..
950821 - AT Fairchild Noyce is credited for advancing manufacture of transister
950822 - semiconductors using lithographic plating to create integrated
950823 - circuits (IC) etched into silicon. Kilby was developing the same idea
950824 - at Texas Instruments (TI). ref OF 7 B56L Authorities describe the
950825 - Noyce/Kilby model made practical by the "planar" process devised by
950826 - Jean Hoerni, was a masterstroke, because IC semiconductors yielded an
950827 - economy-of-scale. Using the most common of elements (silicon, oxygen,
950828 - common metals), chip manufacturers could now construct devices worth
950829 - hundreds of times their raw material costs. And the photolithographic
950830 - process enabled the manufacturers to continue to reduce the size of
950831 - the circuits themselves until they became so microscopic that
950832 - chipmakers could put tens of millions of them on a single eight-inch
950833 - silicon wafer. ref OF 7 156J
950834 -
950835 - Noyce started at Shockley. ref OF 15 E08L
950837 - ..
950838 - Noyce management style empowerment. ref OF 16 A205
950840 - ..
950841 - Fairchild Semiconductor was the cornerstone company in the
950842 - development of Silicon Valley and for years served as an incubator
950843 - for talented engineers and managers who eventually left to start
950844 - their own companies, such as Applied Materials, Signetics, and LSI
950845 - Logic. But because Fairchild Semiconductor was a subsidiary of
950846 - Fairchild Camera and Instrument, an East-Coast company mired in
950847 - traditional corporate culture, the semiconductor division was
950848 - never able to operate as Noyce envisioned it. Finally abandoning
950849 - his quest to reform the mother company, Noyce resigned in June
950850 - 1968 to start Intel with his long-time partner Gordon Moore.
950851 - ref OF 15 ZM4K
950852 -
950853 - [...above, Noyce left because he was passed over for
950854 - president of the parent company Fairchild Camera. ref SDS 0
950855 - QH6G
950857 - ..
950858 - Noyce's charisma made him an inspiring leader, but he fell short
950859 - on the day-to-day responsibilities of managing a growing company.
950860 - Fairchild and Inters former chief counsel explained to Berlin that
950861 - "Noyce's idea of planning was to yell, 'Let's take the hill!"
950862 - Moved by his passionate call to arms, his troops would begin
950863 - running behind him with a shared sense of direction and purpose
950864 - but unsure of their individual responsibilities. Noyce quickly
950865 - ran up against the limits of that kind of management and resigned
950866 - as president in 1975, handing over the reins to Moore. ref OF 15
950867 - 4O5L
950869 - ..
950870 - Noyce continued to be a presence at Intel until his death, but he
950871 - became more engaged in mentoring and providing seed capital to
950872 - promising entrepreneurs. One of his most devoted acolytes was
950873 - none other than Steve Jobs, who relied on Noyce's advice in the
950874 - formative days of Apple Computer. Thus, Bob Noyce played a major
950875 - part in each stage of the innovations that resulted in personal
950876 - computers. ref OF 15 KG6L
950878 - ..
950879 - Noyce Moore Started Intel
950880 - Intel Startup Noyce and Moore Left Fairchild
950881 -
950882 - Noyce and Moore ultimately left Fairchild in 1968, ref OF 7 0844,
950883 - because the parent company did not recoginze the importance of
950884 - integrated circuits with silicon gate technology, and so there was
950885 - minimal support. ref OF 9 P26L They started Intel in July 1968...
950887 - ..
950888 - Noyce left Fairchild because he wanted appointment to CEO, and it
950889 - was given to someone else, so Moore left also, and they started
950890 - Intel, per Moore's interview. ref OF 17 PVVQ
950891 -
950892 - "Intel" was derived from the first letters of 'integrated
950893 - electronics'. ref OF 24 RN5N
950895 - ..
950896 - The plan for the new company was to develop and market large scale
950897 - integrated circuits (LSI) significantly more complex than anything
950898 - being produced at that time. They chose new directions of
950899 - semiconductor technology that were well suited for complex LSI.
950900 - In particular they chose to develop silicon-gate MOS technology,
950901 - which has evolved into the main stream technology for making
950902 - circuits today. Their first products were various types of memory
950903 - circuits including the first commercial SRAMs, DRAMs and EPROMs.
950905 - ..
950906 - Intel corporate culture different from Fairchild. ref OF 17 4WPU
950908 - ..
950909 - R&D integrated with manufacturing. ref OF 17 W746
950910 -
950912 - ..
950913 - Fedricco Faggin's contribution is recounted in Forbes article.
950914 - ref OF 11 0001
950915 -
950916 - [On 960529 history of the PC demonstrates a comedy of errors,
950917 - ref SDS 38 0001
950919 - ..
950920 - Apple adopted Motorola's 68000 chip for its computers in order to
950921 - support bit mapped graphics, ref OF 7 line 166.
950922 -
950923 - Jobs got assistance from Bob Noyce at Intel. ref SDS 0 QH4H
950924 -
950925 -
950926 -
9510 -
SUBJECTS
History Personal Computer Intel 4004 Invented Microprocessor Hoff Fa
A003 -
A00401 - ..
A00402 - Microprocessor Resisted at Intel
A00403 -
A00404 - Forbes article...
A00405 -
A00406 - Forbes ASAP Feb 26, 1996 p. 53
A00407 - Chips Triumphant
A00408 -
A00409 - ...reports that Intel management resisted transformation to
A00410 - manufacture microprocessors, but an engineer finally convinced them to
A00411 - try. ref OF 7 0844 The key innovation was integration of processes
A00412 - that combined logic, memory and certain discrete functions into a
A00413 - complete system that makes the microprocessor a "computer on a chip."
A00414 - ref OF 7 X46L
A00415 -
A00416 - [On 960612 analysis of industry "visionaries." ref SDS 39 7744]
A00418 - ..
A00419 - [On 990527 powerful cultural forces resist improvement.
A00420 - ref SDS 51 1233
A00422 - ..
A00423 - The Forbes article further says that microprocessors may well be the
A00424 - most important invention of the late 20th century. Microprocessors
A00425 - integrate logic, memory and certain discrete functions into a complete
A00426 - system, a "computer on a chip." ref OF 7 X46L
A00428 - ..
A00429 - An article on 011114 quotes Andy Grove saying that microprocessors
A00430 - were only a side show to computer memory, for the 1st 10 years of the
A00431 - company. ref OF 12 V041
A00432 -
A00433 - http://news.com.com/Intels+accidental+revolution/2009-1001_3-275806.html
A00435 - ..
A00436 - Another article published on the Internet by the Acadamy of
A00437 - Management and delivered in the Chicago conference held August 6 - 9,
A00438 - 1999...
A00439 -
A00440 - http://aom.pace.edu/meetings/1999
A00441 -
A00442 - http://aom.pace.edu/meetings/1999/INTEL1.htm
A00444 - ..
A00445 - Intel Corporation: The Evolution of an Adaptive Organization
A00446 -
A00447 - ...has a good account of Intel history launching the microprocessor
A00448 - busiesss. ref OF 36 0001
A00449 -
A00451 - ..
A00452 - Moore Microprocessor Resisted Maybe Useful for Managing Recipies
A00453 -
A00454 - Gordon Moore is quoted on Intel planning and strategy for marketing
A00455 - microprocessors to grow demand for personal computers...
A00456 -
A00457 - "In the mid-1970s, someone came to me with an idea for what
A00458 - was basically the PC. The idea was that we could outfit an
A00459 - 8080 processor with a keyboard and a monitor and sell it in
A00460 - the home market. I asked, 'What's it good for?' And the
A00461 - only answer was that a housewife could keep her recipes on
A00462 - it. I personally didn't see anything useful in it, so we
A00463 - never gave it another thought." ref OF 36 GM4M
A00465 - ..
A00466 - [On 960612 Lynn Conway explains difficulty turning
A00467 - errornous perception of "crummy" ideas due to lack of
A00468 - experience, what Grove calls "familiar," into recognition
A00469 - of good ideas. ref SDS 39 1368
A00470 -
A00472 - ..
A00473 - Intel Microprocessor 4004 Began Design for Japanease Calculator
A00474 -
A00475 - Accounts vary on Intel's entry into microprocessors, essentially by
A00476 - modifying requirements for a $60,000 order by a Japanese firm,
A00477 - Busicom, for an 8 - 12 set of transisters to manufacture calculators.
A00478 - Ted Hoff is credited for inventing the microprocessor, by integrating
A00479 - the large number of transisters proposed in Busincom requirements into
A00480 - a simpler 4-set group of programmable integrated circuits. ref OF 36
A00481 - 0695 In one account, Intel offered Busicom discounted prices in
A00482 - exchange for non-calculator rights to the design of the 4-chip 4004
A00483 - microprocessor. Hoff is credited for recommending Intel obtain rights
A00484 - to the design, believing a general purpose solution could be sold for
A00485 - many applications ranging from cash registers to street lights.
A00486 - ref OF 36 082Z
A00488 - ..
A00489 - Exceprts from the book....
A00490 -
A00491 - DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROPROCESSOR
A00492 -
A00493 - http://www.fireinthevalley.com/fitv_book1.html
A00494 -
A00495 - ...is part 1 of Fire in the Valley, by Paul Freiberger and Michael
A00496 - Swaine, ref OF 31 0001, and says in part...
A00498 - ..
A00499 - When Faggin came to Intel in April of 1970, he was
A00500 - immediately assigned to implement the 4004 design.
A00501 - Masatoshi Shima, an engineer for Busicom, was due to arrive
A00502 - to examine and approve the final design, and Faggin would
A00503 - set to work turning it into silicon. Federico Faggin
A00504 - Unfortunately, the design was far from complete. Hoff and
A00505 - Mazor had completed the instruction set for the device and
A00506 - an overall design, but the necessary detailed design was
A00507 - nonexistent. Shima understood immediately that the
A00508 - "design" was little more than a collection of ideas. "This
A00509 - is just idea!" he shouted at Faggin. "This is nothing! I
A00510 - came here to check, but there is nothing to check!"
A00511 - ref OF 31 0N5H
A00512 -
A00513 - [...see above similar dispute over credit for
A00514 - developing ENIAC. ref SDS 26 6R6K
A00516 - ..
A00517 - In 1980 Intel won the order to supply the 8088 microprocessor for
A00518 - IBM's entry into the personal computer (PC) business. This order
A00519 - established Intel, like Microsoft, as the leader in technology for
A00520 - personal computers. At the time, Intel did not recognize the
A00521 - magnitude of this opportunity, i.e., it was an accident. ref OF 36
A00522 - 0726 Intel's lead in memory chips was overtaken by competitors,
A00523 - chiefly in Japan, ref OF 37 0491,
A00525 - ..
A00526 - Professor Cory Capps has a Power Point presentation on Intel that says
A00527 - getting into the microprocessor business was an accident. ref OF 14
A00528 - XW7M Intel was given an order in 1968 by a Japanese firm, Bizicom,
A00529 - for some integrated circuits to make calculators. Ted Hoff proposed
A00530 - combining components to provide only 4 rather than 8 chips requested
A00531 - by Bizicom. Intel was behind schedule delivering the order, so the
A00532 - purchaser wanted a refund. Intel gave them $60,000 in return for the
A00533 - license to the chip designs! ref OF 14 XW7M
A00535 - ..
A00536 - Fredrico Faggin explains Intel was late, because the project was low
A00537 - priority. ref OF 11 XU5I Another article makes the
A00538 - same point.
A00540 - ..
A00541 - He was hired from Fairchild to turn the architecture prepared by the
A00542 - Hoff team into an actual design and fabricated parts. When he began
A00543 - work for Intel, nothing had been done for 6 months. ref OF 11 PP5G He
A00544 - met with the customer's engineer, and was criticizied for poor
A00545 - performance. The customer's engineer and Faggin then worked together
A00546 - to complete design plans and specifications for the calculator
A00547 - components. Faggin designed and supervised manufacture of the
A00548 - prototype and testing to verify performance. ref OF 11 GS7N Faggin's
A00549 - initials are manufactured into the chips. ref OF 11 0001
A00551 - ..
A00552 - Integrating computer processes are an important step to use computers
A00553 - for integrating human methods that augment intelligence in performing
A00554 - daily work. The elegance of this transformation seems to have been on
A00555 - the minds of some at Intel in taking up the challenge to improve
A00556 - daily management, reported by Byte and shown in the record on 910418.
A00557 - ref SDS 66 2744
A00558 -
A00559 - [On 980307 Andy Grove reports that experience transitioning Intel
A00560 - shows that successful people loathe change, deny that improvement
A00561 - is needed and so getting successful people to improve is like
A00562 - walking through the valley of death. ref SDS 47 1657
A00564 - ..
A00565 - Intel's chip fabrication costs are explained in a sidedbar.
A00566 - ref OF 7 JA9N
A00567 -
A00568 -
A00569 -
A00570 -
A00571 -
A006 -
SUBJECTS
Remembering (Linked Records - Traceability,
Speech Recognition Voice Data Entry
A604 -
A60501 - ..
A60502 - Remembering is Forcast as Next Marketing Trend
A60503 -
A60504 - A sidebar written by authors Don Peppers and Martha Rogers, says that
A60505 - chips can be used as a marketing advantage by enabling vendors to
A60506 - remember information about customers and this will build
A60507 - relationships. ref OF 7 line 808.
A60509 - ..
A60510 - To profit from the incredible shrinking microchip, begin now to use
A60511 - information technology to incorporate memories of your customers into
A60512 - every conceivable aspect over of your operation. Never make a customer
A60513 - tell you the same thing twice. If you're a bank, use the account
A60514 - numbers and balance information you already have to make sure your own
A60515 - customer never has to fill out a loan application, ref OF 7 line 827.
A60516 -
A60517 - One "aspect" of a business operation is the "management process"
A60518 - and the decisions made by executives and others. Can the
A60519 - microchip help people remember better?
A60521 - ..
A60522 - This is the concept that underlies SDS. We capture information
A60523 - and then reuse it to maintain meaning over time, and thereby avoid
A60524 - knowledge (meaning) drift.
A60525 -
A60527 - ..
A60528 - This section forcasts trends in applications of technology. ref OF 7
A60529 - line 783.
A60530 -
A60531 - Speech recognition is forcast at ref OF 7 line 783.
A60532 -
A60533 -
A60534 -
A60535 -
A606 -