CONTACTS 
0201 - University of Oregon                                                                                                                                               O-00000858 0706
020101 - Mr. James Schombert, PhD; Director and Professor
020103 - Physics Department                                                                                                                                               O-00000858 0706
020104 - General Sciences Program                                                                                                                                         O-00000858 0706

SUBJECTS
21st Century Science Course Lectures Philosophy of Science March 29

0803 -
0803 -    ..
0804 - Summary/Objective
0805 -
080501 - Follow up ref SDS 23 0000. ref SDS 20 0000.
080502 -
080503 -
080504 -
080505 -
080506 -
080508 -  ..
0806 -
0807 -
0808 - Progress
0809 -
080901 - Scientific Method Supported by Lectures on 21st Century Science
080902 - Trilogy 21st-Century-Science Macro Micro Cosmology Schombert Lectures
080903 - Schombert Lectures Trilogy Macro Micro Cosmology 21st Century Science
080904 -
080905 - Follow up ref SDS 0 YH5H, ref SDS 20 YH5H.
080907 -  ..
080908 - Index lists all 29 lectures. ref OF 1 0001
080910 -  ..
080911 - Review of lectures on 21st century science in following records....
080912 -
080913 -        1.  Newtonian physics laws of motion
080914 -            gravity explains structure order
080915 -            locality principle adding
080916 -            energy to connect cause and
080917 -            effect yields power of knowledge
080918 -            to predict the future...................... ref SDS 20 0001
080920 -             ..
080921 -        2.  Electrical force, nuclear power
080922 -            complement gravity laws of motion;
080923 -            thermodynamics laws of nature
080924 -            conservation of energy, irreversibility
080925 -            of time rising entropy increases
080926 -            disorder; Einstein theory of
080927 -            relativity E = MC^2; mathematics
080928 -            random numbers create complexity
080929 -            enables emergence biological
080930 -            evolution that increases order
080931 -            in complex systems, complements
080932 -            2nd law of rising
080933 -            disorder................................... ref SDS 21 0001
080935 -             ..
080936 -        3.  Quantum mechanics wave particle
080937 -            duality complementarity uncertainity
080938 -            principle, holism, emergence quantum
080939 -            leap, microscopic structure elemental
080940 -            particles.................................. ref SDS 22 0001
080942 -             ..
080943 -        4.  Standard model of universe unify
080944 -            laws, constants and forces of nature
080945 -            into grand unified theory (GUTS) and
080946 -            theory of everythong (TOE) discover
080947 -            1 underlying force and law of nature,
080948 -            like irreversability of time, gravity
080949 -            hard to synthesize, religion theory
080950 -            cosmology on creation of universe,
080951 -            inflation, barryogensis, and
080952 -            anthropic principle scientific model
080953 -            of creation............................... ref SDS 0 0001
080954 -
080955 -
080956 -
080957 -
080958 -
0810 -

SUBJECTS
Theory of Everything TOE Grand Unified Theory GUTS Gravity Eludes Un

1403 -
140401 -  ..
140402 - Theory of Everything Quantum Electrodynamics Charged Particles Light
140403 -
140404 - Lecture 17 on 040505 Quantum Electrodynamics studies theory of quantum
140405 - force fields that explains interaction between charged particles and
140406 - light. ref OF 20 0001  Goal of theoretical physicis is to extend the
140407 - "standard model" of the universe into a "Grand unified theory," but
140408 - progress is slowed by difficulty understanding gravity in relation to
140409 - other elemental forces.
140410 -
140411 -            [...unification of forces gravity, electrical, nuclear
140412 -            presented in lecture 24. ref SDS 0 8W5K
140414 -             ..
140415 -            [...baryogeneses theory of cosomolgy about how the universe
140416 -            began, lecture 26, and presents further discussion of grand
140417 -            unified theory. ref SDS 0 O76F
140419 -  ..
140420 - Quantum gravity...
140421 -
140422 -        Understanding of the fundamental forces of Nature will require
140423 -        a unification of quantum physics and general relativity.
140424 -        ref OF 20 URQQ
140426 -         ..
140427 -        Unification of all four fundamental forces in a single quantum
140428 -        theory is a major goal of theoretical physics.  Gravity,
140429 -        however, has proved difficult to treat with any quantum theory
140430 -        that describes the other forces in terms of messenger particles
140431 -        that are exchanged between interacting particles of matter.
140432 -        ref OF 20 PRSV
140434 -         ..
140435 -        Quantum gravity asks the question, "what is the behavior of
140436 -        gravity on extremely small scales?" What are the properties of
140437 -        mini black holes and how does the force of gravity compared to
140438 -        other subatomic forces?  These questions are particularly
140439 -        crucial to cosmology since the very early Universe was an
140440 -        environment dominated by extremely high pressures and
140441 -        temperatures, and the folding of spacetime on quantum scales.
140442 -        ref OF 20 0285
140443 -
140445 -  ..
140446 - Physics Attempts Synthesis into Theory of Everything Unification
140447 -
140448 - Schombert graphic shows current theories in physics...
140449 - ref OF 20 KRWR
140450 -
140451 -        Quantum Mechanics   ---------\
140452 -           wave particle duality     |
140453 -           superposition             |  ......... ref SDS 0 QU3O
140454 -           probabilities             |
140455 -                                     |
140456 -                                     +-> Quantum Field Theory
140457 -                                     |      virtual particles
140458 -                                     |      color charge
140459 -                                     |      wave function
140460 -                                     |
140461 -                           ----------/
140462 -        Special Relativity
140463 -                           ----------\
140464 -           spacetime geometry        |
140465 -           relativity of motion      |
140466 -                                     |
140467 -                                     |
140468 -                                     +-> General Relativity
140469 -                                     |      equivalence principle
140470 -                                     |      dynamic spacetime
140471 -                                     |
140472 -                           ----------/
140473 -        Newtonian Mechanics
140474 -           universal gravitation
140475 -           force and acceleration
140476 -
140478 -  ..
140479 - Gravitational radiation. ref OF 20 KSRU
140480 -
140481 -
140482 -
140483 -
1405 -

SUBJECTS
Default Null Subject Account for Blank Record

2003 -
200401 -     ..
200402 -    Hawking Radiation Black Holes Convert Energy into Matter
200403 -    Black Holes Accelerate Spacetime Curvature Mass Energy Loss
200404 -    Quantum Mechanics Determinations Fails Near Black Holes
200405 -    Determinism Declines Near Black Holes High Energy Collisions
200406 -
200407 -
200408 - Schombert lecture 17 continues...
200409 -
200410 -    Hawking was one of the first to consider the behavior of a black
200411 -    hole whose Schwarzschild radius was on the level of an atom.  One
200412 -    billion tons of matter make a black hole the size of a proton.
200413 -    Small size makes behavior a mix of quantum mechanics rather than
200414 -    relativity. ref OF 20 LSYT
200416 -     ..
200417 -    Collision of two photons can cause pair production.  This a direct
200418 -    example of converting energy into mass (unlike fission or fusion
200419 -    which turn mass into energy).  Pair production is one of the
200420 -    primary methods of forming matter in the early Universe.
200421 -    ref OF 20 VX4I
200422 -
200424 -     ..
200425 -    Symmetry Energy Converted into Mass Source of Emergence
200426 -
200427 -    Pair production is symmetric in that a matter and antimatter
200428 -    particle are produced (an electron and an anti-electron (positron)
200429 -    in the above example). ref OF 20 VTSP
200431 -     ..
200432 -    Hawking showed that the strong gravitational gradients (tides) near
200433 -    black holes can also lead to pair production.  In this case, the
200434 -    gravitational energy of the black hole is converted into particles.
200435 -    ref OF 20 PTTQ
200437 -  ..
200438 - Correlation between energy and mass may be another example of
200439 - symmetry, complementarity, and binary structure of existence that
200440 - oscillates between order and disorder to reconcile the 2nd law with
200441 - evolution of complexity, including life and intelligence, per below.
200442 - ref SDS 0 WO6F
200444 -  ..
200445 - Lecture 25 explains symmetry that may drive emergence, ref SDS 0 4G7G
200446 - "Symmetry breaks" speculate the Big Bang expanded spacetime,
200447 - ref SDS 0 3237, and illustrate a number of quantum forces that may
200448 - contribute to emergence. ref SDS 0 Q480
200450 -  ..
200451 - Hawking explains black holes in a separate paper titled...
200453 -     ..
200454 -    Does God Play Dice - Unpredictability Leads to Emergence
200456 -     ..
200457 -    A star will curve and distort the space-time near it, more and
200458 -    more, the more massive and more compact the star is.  If a massive
200459 -    star, which has burnt up its nuclear fuel, cools and shrinks below
200460 -    a critical size, it will quite literally make a bottomless hole in
200461 -    space-time, that light can't get out of.  Such objects were given
200462 -    the name Black Holes, by the American physicist John Wheeler, who
200463 -    was one of the first to recognise their importance, and the
200464 -    problems they pose. ref OF 35 LX4O
200466 -     ..
200467 -    We now have observations that point to black holes in a number of
200468 -    objects, from binary star systems, to the centre of galaxies.  So
200469 -    it is now generally accepted that black holes exist.  But, ... what
200470 -    is their significance for determinism.  Not only do the particles
200471 -    ...that fall into a black hole, never come out again, but also the
200472 -    information that they carry, is lost forever, at least from our
200473 -    region of the universe. ref OF 35 MP6L
200475 -     ..
200476 -    One might not think it mattered very much, if determinism broke
200477 -    down near black holes.  We are almost certainly at least a few
200478 -    light years, from a black hole of any size.  But, the Uncertainty
200479 -    Principle implies that every region of space should be full of tiny
200480 -    virtual black holes, which appear and disappear again.  One would
200481 -    think that particles and information could fall into these black
200482 -    holes, and be lost.  Because these virtual black holes are so
200483 -    small, a hundred billion billion times smaller than the nucleus of
200484 -    an atom, the rate at which information would be lost would be very
200485 -    low.  That is why the laws of science appear deterministic, to a
200486 -    very good approximation.  But in extreme conditions, like in the
200487 -    early universe, or in high energy particle collisions, there could
200488 -    be significant loss of information.  This would lead to
200489 -    unpredictability in the evolution of the universe. ref OF 35 R88G
200490 -
200491 -
200493 -     ..
200494 -    Emergence Unpredictability Evolution Universe Source of Life?
200495 -
200496 -
200497 - Hawking's point about "unpredictability in the evolution of the
200498 - universe" may relate to the theory of emergence as the source of life,
200499 - presented in the anthropic principle, lecture 28. ref SDS 0 3237
200501 -  ..
200502 - As noted, symmetry between energy and mass, ref SDS 0 G34M, may
200503 - further drive emergence of order out of rising entropy.
200505 -             ..
200506 -            [On 040321 Hawking argues against Einstein's analysis that
200507 -            quantum mechanics applies hidden variables to account for
200508 -            local causality. ref SDS 22 196X
200510 -             ..
200511 -            [On 040621 Hawking quote on hope for grand unified theory
200512 -            that will may lead to focus on construcing useful complex
200513 -            systems in 21st century cited in promotion for professional
200514 -            seminar on improving the practice of management with
200515 -            respect to "Knowledge Management" that relies on
200516 -            conversation for holistic principles, and ignores locality
200517 -            connecting cause and effect that yields the power of
200518 -            knowledge. ref SDS 25 YY6J
200519 -
200520 -
200522 -  ..
200523 - Standard Model Step Toward Grand Unified Theory
200524 -
200526 -  ..
200527 - Schombert lecture 17 continues...
200528 -
200529 -        The Standard Model is a way of making sense of the multiplicity
200530 -        of elementary particles and forces within a single scheme.  The
200531 -        Standard Model is the combination of two schemes; the
200532 -        electroweak force (unification of electromagnetism and weak
200533 -        force) plus quantum chromodynamics.  Although the Standard
200534 -        Model has brought a considerable amount of order to elementary
200535 -        particles and has led to important predictions, the model is
200536 -        not without some serious difficulties. ref OF 20 816L
200538 -         ..
200539 -        For example, the problem of quantum gravity is unresolved in
200540 -        the Standard Model.  Also undefined are the values of the
200541 -        various constants of Nature (the speed of light, charge on the
200542 -        electron, etc).  In fact, why the Universe is built the way it
200543 -        is (3D+1D macroscopic world) is unclear, although various other
200544 -        dimensional shapes can be ruled out as shown by the diagram
200545 -        below. ref OF 20 8UPT
200547 -         ..
200548 -        Another problem is that the Standard Model contains a large
200549 -        number of arbitrary constants.  Good choice of the constants
200550 -        leads to exact matches with experimental results.  However, a
200551 -        good fundamental theory should be one where the constants are
200552 -        self-evident.  For example, the choice of 4 spacetime
200553 -        dimensions is understood under the Standard model since other
200554 -        choices are ruled out by mathematics. ref OF 20 8526
200555 -
200557 -  ..
200558 - Gravity Eludes Attempts for Unified Field Theory
200559 - Grand Unified Theory (GUTS) Elemental Forces Gravity Hard to Unify
200560 - Unified Field Theory Framework Elemental Particles Fundamental Forces
200561 -
200563 -  ..
200564 - Schombert lecture 17 continues...
200565 -
200566 -        The Standard Model does not include the unification of all
200567 -        forces and, therefore, is incomplete.  There is a strong
200568 -        expectation that there exists a Grand Unified Field Theory
200569 -        (GUTS) that will provide a deeper meaning to the Standard Model
200570 -        and explain the missing elements. ref OF 20 8UST
200571 -
200572 -            [...unification of forces gravity, electrical, nuclear
200573 -            presented in lecture 24. ref SDS 22 8W5K
200575 -             ..
200576 -            [...baryogeneses theory of cosomolgy about how the universe
200577 -            began, lecture 26, and presents further discussion of grand
200578 -            unified theory. ref SDS 22 O76F
200580 -  ..
200581 - Schombert provides a link to University of Orgeon glossary, citing the
200582 - Encyclopedia Britannica without permission...
200583 -
200584 -            http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/unified_field_theory.html
200586 -         ..
200587 -        Unified field theory, in particle physics, is an attempt to
200588 -        describe all fundamental forces and the relationships between
200589 -        elementary particles in terms of a single theoretical
200590 -        framework. Forces can be described by fields that mediate
200591 -        interactions between separate objects. In the mid-19th century
200592 -        James Clerk Maxwell formulated the first field theory in his
200593 -        theory of electromagnetism. Then, in the early part of the
200594 -        20th century, Albert Einstein developed general relativity, a
200595 -        field theory of gravitation. Later, Einstein and others
200596 -        attempted to construct a unified field theory in which
200597 -        electromagnetism and gravity would emerge as different aspects
200598 -        of a single fundamental field. They failed, and to this day
200599 -        gravity remains beyond attempts at a unified field theory.
200600 -
200601 -
200603 -  ..
200604 - Theory of Everything (TOE) Expands GTIS Should Predict Higgs Particle
200605 -
200606 -
200607 - Schombert lecture 17 continues...
200608 -
200609 -        Even a [grand unified theory] GUTS, ref SDS 0 8UST, is
200610 -        incomplete because it would not include spacetime and therefore
200611 -        gravity.  It is hypothesized that a "Theory of Everything"
200612 -        (TOE) will bring together all the fundamental forces, matter
200613 -        and curved spacetime under one unifying picture.  For
200614 -        cosmology, this will be the single force that controlled the
200615 -        Universe at the time of formation.  The current approach to the
200616 -        search for a TOE is to attempt to uncover some fundamental
200617 -        symmetry, perhaps a symmetry of symmetries.  There should be
200618 -        predictions from a TOE, such as the existence of the Higgs
200619 -        particle, the origin of mass in the Universe. ref OF 20 8UTU
200620 -
200621 -            [...unification of forces gravity, electrical, nuclear
200622 -            presented in lecture 24. ref SDS 22 8W5K
200624 -             ..
200625 -            [...baryogeneses theory of cosomolgy about how the universe
200626 -            began, lecture 26, and presents further discussion of grand
200627 -            unified theory. ref SDS 22 O76F
200629 -             ..
200630 -            [...cosomology theory of anthropic principle that increases
200631 -            order presented in lecture 28 complements forces that
200632 -            increase disorder with rising entropy under the 2nd law of
200633 -            thermodynamics in lecture 5, ref SDS 21 566F; finely tuned
200634 -            mathematical constants for laws of nature emerge highly
200635 -            ordered complexity of life and intelligence from massively
200636 -            complex randomness in the disorder of chaos following the
200637 -            big bang birth of the universe. ref SDS 0 QP5L
200639 -  ..
200640 - Schombert provides a link to University of Orgeon glossary, citing the
200641 - Encyclopedia Britannica without permission...
200642 -
200643 -            http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/higgs_particle.html
200644 -
200645 -        Higgs particle is the carrier of an all-pervading fundamental
200646 -        field that is hypothesized as a means of endowing mass on
200647 -        elementary particles through its interactions with them.  The
200648 -        field and the particle are named after Peter Higgs of the
200649 -        University of Edinburgh, one of the physicists who first
200650 -        postulated the idea.
200651 -
200653 -  ..
200654 - Supergravity Brane Theory Unite Particles Multi-dimensional Spacetime
200655 -
200656 - Schombert lecture 17 continues...
200657 -
200658 -        One example of a attempt to formula a TOE is supergravity, a
200659 -        quantum theory that unities particle types through the use of
200660 -        ten dimensional spacetime (see diagram below).  Spacetime (4D
200661 -        construct) was successful at explaining gravity.  What if the
200662 -        subatomic world is also a geometric phenomenon. ref OF 20 549N
200664 -         ..
200665 -        The idea that gravity is different from the other forces.
200666 -        While it is extremely long ranged, gravity is extremely weak
200667 -        (notice that a small magnet on the refrigerator can overcome
200668 -        the entire gravitational force of the Earth).  Perhaps gravity
200669 -        is weak because it is `spread' out over many dimensions.  This
200670 -        type of theory is called brane or membrane theory and
200671 -        hypothesizes that the 3D world is just one splice of a
200672 -        multi-dimensional space where gravity propagates between the
200673 -        branes (slices). ref OF 20 5UWU
200674 -
200676 -  ..
200677 - String theory. ref OF 20 PVQW
200679 -  ..
200680 - Brane world scenario. ref OF 20 8VWY
200681 -
200682 -
200683 -
200684 -
2007 -

SUBJECTS
Time Travel Conflicts with Experience Theoretically Possible Scenari

2503 -
250401 -  ..
250402 - Time Travel Universe 4 Dimensional
250403 -
250404 - Lecture 18 on 040507 relativity discovered the universe is four
250405 - dimensional, and that space and time are connected where changes in
250406 - one can affect the others. ref OF 21 0001
250408 -  ..
250409 - Newtonian time.
250410 -
250411 -    Time is not experienced with human sensory perception, as are
250412 -    objects in dimensional space, leading to continuing philosophical
250413 -    discussion. ref OF 21 6QPW
250414 -
250415 -    Causality strongly tied to connections between time and space.
250416 -    ref OF 21 0148
250418 -     ..
250419 -    Present marks the boundary between biological memory of the past,
250420 -    and the future which is unknown. ref OF 21 0197
250422 -  ..
250423 - Grandfather Paradox demonstrates impossibility of going back in time.
250424 - ref OF 21 PSVS
250426 -     ..
250427 -    Numerous physicists speculate that spacetime contains a chronology
250428 -    protection effect, much like the event horizon around a black hole.
250429 -    Where an event horizon prevents a singularity from being exposed to
250430 -    the Universe, a chronology protection effect would prevent time
250431 -    travel and the framework of causality by making time paradox's
250432 -    impossible. ref OF 21 RTXY
250434 -  ..
250435 - For some reason, there is no discussion in this lecture on the
250436 - irreversibility of time, presented on lecture 5 on the 2nd law of
250437 - thermodynamics. ref SDS 21 566F
250438 -
250439 -
250440 -
250441 -
250442 -
250443 -
2505 -

SUBJECTS
Creation Holism Diesm Theism Cosmology Religion May 12, 2004 Doctor

3703 -
370401 -  ..
370402 - Religious Theories Creation Theism Deism Holism Cosmological
370403 - Cosmological Theories Creation Theism Deism Holism Religious
370404 - Creation Theism Deism Holism Cosmological Religious Theories
370405 - Holism Deism Theism Cosmological Religious Theories of Creation
370406 -
370407 - Note that lecture 19 was an exam. ref OF 1 9PUU
370409 -  ..
370410 - Lecture 20 on 040512 presents cosmology that explains holistic theory
370411 - about how the universe was created based on religious perspectives of
370412 - deism and theism. ref OF 22 0001
370414 -     ..
370415 -    Geometric cosmology grew from Greek and Christian views on creation
370416 -    from experimentation and observation. ref OF 22 0109  Modern
370417 -    cosmology and physics applies these views described as
370418 -    deterministic reductionism.  In the last 50 years, cosmology has
370419 -    moved toward a more Eastern slant (holism) where the underlying
370420 -    theme is the use of observation and experimentation to search for
370421 -    simple, universal laws. ref OF 22 T54K
370423 -     ..
370424 -    Judeo-Christian tradition was unique feeling God created the
370425 -    Universe at some specific moment in the past, and that events form
370426 -    an unfolding unidirectional sequence.  Key to this philosophy is
370427 -    that the Creator is entirely separate from and independent of His
370428 -    creation.  God brings order to a primordial chaos. ref OF 22 5SUR
370430 -  ..
370431 - Lecture 15 on 040430 discusses holism to expand Newtonian physics for
370432 - understanding quantum mechanics of microscopic elemental particles.
370433 - ref SDS 0 824J  Holism is further related to religious belief in 1
370434 - god, and spirituality. ref SDS 0 GU5L
370436 -  ..
370437 - The first lecture on 040329 discusses God as the initial cause of
370438 - existence, in relation to the locality principle. ref SDS 20 OG7I
370439 - Schombert discusses religious aspects as part of the lecture on 040428
370440 - that presents holism in relation to quantum mechanics. ref SDS 0 824J
370441 - The lectures conclude on 040602 with a presentation on the anthropic
370442 - principle that discusses religion with respect to the need for a
370443 - creating cause. ref SDS 22 QP5L
370445 -  ..
370446 - Schombert lecture continues...
370447 -
370448 -    Belief that a divine being starts the Universe then `sits back' and
370449 -    watches events unfold, taking no direct part in affairs, is known
370450 -    as deism.  Here God is considered a cosmic engineer.  In contrast,
370451 -    theism is the belief in a God who is creator of the Universe and
370452 -    who also remains directly involved in the day-to-day running of the
370453 -    world, especially the affairs of human beings.  God maintains a
370454 -    personal and guiding role.  In both deism and theism, God is
370455 -    regarded as wholly other than, and beyond, the physical Universe.
370456 -    In pantheism, no such separation is made between God and the
370457 -    physical Universe.  God is identified with Nature itself:
370458 -    everything is a part of God and God is in everything. ref OF 22
370459 -    P373
370461 -         ..
370462 -        [...lecture 26 on barryogensis presents a scientific theory for
370463 -        the origins of the universe, ref SDS 0 F84I, as explained in
370464 -        lecture 24 on efforts to develop a theory of unification for
370465 -        elemental forces. ref SDS 0 7P6I
370467 -     ..
370468 -    Olber's Paradox on the darkness of night in relation to light from
370469 -    the stars, ref OF 22 5K6M, may imply the universe was "created."
370470 -    ref OF 22 JTRR
370471 -
370473 -  ..
370474 - Scientific analysis should consider the concept of religion as the
370475 - "science of life" presented in NWO. ref OF 46 LA9O
370477 -     ..
370478 -    Science can consider long term cycles that exceed human span of
370479 -    attention in the same way that Schombert discusses short term
370480 -    cycles in sub-atomic and cosmology physics that occur below human
370481 -    perception.  Long term cycles, like the metonic tide cycle, that
370482 -    impact civilization, suggests other cycles impact human emotions
370483 -    from conduct that deviates on the margins, and so periodically
370484 -    drives catclysmic erruptions.
370485 -
370486 -
370487 -
370488 -
370489 -
370490 -
3705 -

SUBJECTS
Expanding Universe Conflicts with Newtonian Static Universe Gravitat

4203 -
420401 -  ..
420402 - Expanding Universe Conflicts with Gravitational Forces of Collapse
420403 -
420404 - Lecture 21 on 040514 Newtonian view of expanding universe appears
420405 - conflicting with gravitational forces that should collapse everything
420406 - into a black hole; in the 1930s Hubble discovered that galaxies are
420407 - receding. ref OF 23 0001
420409 -  ..
420410 - Recent findings from the Hubble telescope seem to confirm Hubble's
420411 - theory in the 1930s that the universe is expanding. ref OF 23 0105
420412 -
420413 -
420414 -
420415 -
4205 -

SUBJECTS
Dynamics of Universe Expanding or Collapsing Lecture 22 Schombert Ja

4703 -
470401 -  ..
470402 - Dynamics of the Universe
470403 -
470404 - Lecture 22 on 040517 presents theories for the universe to continue
470405 - expanding, eventually begin to contract, or reach stability depending
470406 - on total mass. ref OF 24 0001
470407 -
470408 -
470409 -
4705 -

SUBJECTS
Dark Matter Dark Energy Lecture 23 Schombert James Doctor May 19, 20

5203 -
520401 -  ..
520402 - Dark Matter Dark Energy
520403 -
520404 - Lecture 23 on 040519 studies seemed to show that galaxies in clusters
520405 - were moving too fast for the calculated mass.  This discrepancy seems
520406 - to be reconciled with a theory of dark matter. ref OF 25 0001
520408 -  ..
520409 - 95% of the universe is composed of dark matter. ref OF 25 I58K
520411 -  ..
520412 - 21st century science focused on determining the nature of dark matter.
520413 - ref OF 25 0QSV
520415 -  ..
520416 - Universe appears to be open, and expanding, because not enough mass to
520417 - enable contraction. ref OF 25 PRTW
520418 -
520419 -
520420 -
5205 -

SUBJECTS
Unification Natural Forces Electrical Gravity Nuclear Needed to Stud

5703 -
570401 -  ..
570402 - Birth of Universe Study Unification of Gravity Electrical Nuclear
570403 - Unification Forces of Gravity Electrical Nuclear Birth of Universe
570404 -
570405 - Lecture 24 on 040521 discusses efforts to derive a theory unifiying
570406 - fundamental forces of gravity and electromagnetism in quantum
570407 - mechanics. ref OF 26 0001  Physics theory of quantum gravity helps
570408 - study the birth of the universe. ref OF 26 XQRS
570410 -         ..
570411 -        Physics of the early Universe is at the boundary of astronomy
570412 -        and philosophy since we do not currently have a complete theory
570413 -        that unifies all the fundamental forces of Nature at the moment
570414 -        of Creation.  In addition, there is no possibility of linking
570415 -        observation or experimentation of early Universe physics to our
570416 -        theories (i.e. its not possible to `build' another Universe).
570417 -        Our theories are rejected or accepted based on simplicity and
570418 -        aesthetic grounds, plus there power of prediction to later
570419 -        times, rather than an appeal to empirical results.  This is a
570420 -        very difference way of doing science from previous centuries of
570421 -        research. ref OF 26 NR5H
570423 -         ..
570424 -        We are very far from understanding "why" the universe started,
570425 -        i.e., what started the "big bang." ref OF 26 9PUX
570427 -  ..
570428 - Seems related to lecture 17 on extending the Standard Model to a Grand
570429 - Unified Theory (GUTS), and further to a Theory of Everything (TOE).
570430 - ref SDS 0 ED6I
570432 -  ..
570433 - Unification is explained as...
570434 -
570435 -        all the forces of Nature should be capable of being described
570436 -        by a single theory.  But only at high energies should the
570437 -        behavior of the forces combine, this is called unification.
570439 -         ..
570440 -        At high energy forces of nature become symmetric, seem to act
570441 -        similarly, and with similar strength, described as
570442 -        "unification." Forces become separate as the universe expands
570443 -        and cools. ref OF 26 HF4K
570445 -         ..
570446 -        There is the expectation that all the nuclear forces of matter
570447 -        (strong, weak and electromagnetic) unify at extremely high
570448 -        temperatures under a principle known as Grand Unified Theory,
570449 -        an extension of quantum physics using as yet undiscovered
570450 -        relationships between the strong and electroweak forces.
570451 -        ref OF 26 PQQW
570452 -
570453 -
570454 -
570455 -
570456 -
5705 -

SUBJECTS
Inflation Theory on Origins of Universe Expanding Faster than Speed

8103 -
810401 -  ..
810402 - Symmetry Binary Structure Core Force of Cosmology Birth of Universe
810403 - Causal Effect Binary Structure Symmetry Foundational Order in Universe
810404 - Binary Structure Symmetry Forces Order of Causation in the Universe
810405 -
810406 - Lecture 25 on 040524 discusses cosmology theory that pressures and
810407 - temperature from the big bang originating the universe prevented
810408 - formation of elemental particles (see lecture 18, ref SDS 22 1F7I,
810409 - Symmetry was the only force or process from which the laws of nature
810410 - formed as the universe cooled to become homogenous and causally
810411 - connected. ref OF 27 0001
810413 -         ..
810414 -        Symmetry also leads to conservation laws, and conservation laws
810415 -        limit the possible interactions between particles.  Those
810416 -        imaginary processes that violate conservation laws are
810417 -        forbidden.  So the existence of symmetry provides a source of
810418 -        order to the early Universe. ref OF 27 0069
810420 -         ..
810421 -        Pure symmetry is like a spinning coin.  The coin has two
810422 -        states, but while spinning neither state is determined, and yet
810423 -        both states exist.  The coin is in a state of both/or.  When
810424 -        the coin hits the floor the symmetry is broken (its either
810425 -        heads or tails) and energy is released in the process (the
810426 -        noise the coin makes as it hits the ground). ref OF 27 PPWU
810428 -         ..
810429 -        A cosmological theory is presented that "symmetry breaks"
810430 -        caused dramatic changes in the universe similar to ice changing
810431 -        from a solid to liquid, and then to a gas, as temperature
810432 -        rises.  Symmetry theory speculates that as the universe cooled,
810433 -        one force divided into separate fundamental forces. ref OF 27
810434 -        0096
810436 -  ..
810437 - Fundamental forces of gravity, electrical, nuclear are discussed in
810438 - lecture 16. ref SDS 0 824L
810440 -  ..
810441 - Lecture 17 explaining black holes convert energy into mass, may
810442 - reflect symmetry that enables emergence. ref SDS 0 G35N
810444 -  ..
810445 - Symmetry that enabled formation of elemental particles, ref SDS 0
810446 - 4G7G, and foundational forces of the universe, ref SDS 0 6N7M, seems
810447 - like another way of describing binary structure presented in NWO,
810448 - ref OF 44 5846, possibly related to complementarity used in quantum
810449 - mechanics for expanding the locality principle to subatomic
810450 - phenomenological events, discussed in lecture 15. ref SDS 22 GT4O
810451 -
810452 -
810454 -  ..
810455 - Inflation Symmetry Binary Universe Homogenous Causally Connected
810456 -
810457 - Schombert lecture 25 continues...
810458 -
810459 -        Inflation explains why the observable Universe is both
810460 -        homogeneous and causally connected.  During inflation the
810461 -        Universe expanded so that our horizon now only sees a small
810462 -        piece of what was the total Universe from the Big Bang.
810463 -        ref OF 27 0227
810465 -  ..
810466 - Causal connections in the universe are embodied in the theory of
810467 - knowledge that enables predictability presented in the locality
810468 - principle discussed in lecture 5. ref SDS 20 YH4G
810469 -
810470 -            [On 060617 review Budiyono paper published 060602
810471 -            "Dynamical Foundation of Thermodynamical Behavior..."
810472 -            describes knowledge as a mathematical proposition,
810473 -            ref SDS 29 K134, and extends view that quantum mechanics
810474 -            reduce to classical mechanics at the macro level with
810475 -            mathematical proof that locality, uncertainty, the 2nd law,
810476 -            and gravity all derive from the irreversibility of time,
810477 -            and so present a single law of nature. ref SDS 29 K161
810478 -
810479 -
810480 -
810481 -
810482 -
810483 -
810484 -
8105 -

SUBJECTS
Baryogenesis Cosmology Birth of Universe Emergence Elemental Forces

8903 -
890401 -  ..
890402 - Baryogenesis Forms Structure of Universe under Grand Unified Theory
890403 - Grand Unified Theory (GUT) of Universe Baryogensis forms Structure
890404 - Structure of Universe Baryogensis Grand Unified Theory (GUT)
890405 - Emergence Structure of Universe Forms under Theory of Baryogensis
890406 -
890407 - Lecture 26 on 040526 discusses Grand Unified Theory (GUTS) speculating
890408 - about big bang starting the universe, and consequent emergence of
890409 - structure in the universe, including matter, antimatter, and all of
890410 - the elements in the periodic table. ref OF 28 0001
890412 -  ..
890413 - Theory of everything (TOE), and grand unified theroy (GUTS) were
890414 - introduced in lecture 15. ref SDS 0 ED6I
890416 -  ..
890417 - Cosmology seems to encompass altherate theories of how the universe
890418 - originated; lecture 20 presented holism, religion and theology.
890419 - ref SDS 0 X15F
890421 -  ..
890422 - Unification of forces in the universe was discussed in lecture 24
890423 - delivered on 040521, and reviewed above. ref SDS 0 7P6I
890425 -  ..
890426 - Baryongenesis begins around 1 second after the Big Bang.  The
890427 - equilibrium process at work is the balance between the strong force
890428 - binding quarks into protons and neutrons versus the splitting of quark
890429 - pairs into new quark pairs. When the temperature of the Universe drops
890430 - to the point that there is not enough energy to form new quarks, the
890431 - current quarks are able to link into stable triplets. ref OF 28 9RSV
890432 -
890433 -
890434 -
890435 -
890436 -
890437 -
890438 -
8905 -

SUBJECTS
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Discovery Indicates Universe Start

9403 -
940401 -  ..
940402 - 14 Billion Years to Origin of Universe
940403 - Cosmic Microwave Background CMB Indicates Universe Started by Big Bang
940404 - Big Bang Theory Cosmology Origin Universe Supported by Discovery CMB
940405 -
940406 - Lecture 27 on 040528 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is also
940407 - discussed in relation to Cosmic Background Radiation that supports the
940408 - theory of the Big Bang creating the universe. ref OF 29 0001
940409 -
940410 -        The discovery of the cosmic microwave background (CMB)
940411 -        confirmed the explosive nature to the origin of our Universe.
940412 -        For every matter particle in the Universe there are 10 billion
940413 -        more photons.  This is the baryon number that reflects the
940414 -        asymmetry between matter and anti-matter in the early Universe.
940415 -        Looking around the Universe its obvious that there is a great
940416 -        deal of matter.  By the same token, there are even many, many
940417 -        more photons from the initial annihilation of matter and
940418 -        anti-matter. ref OF 29 1143
940420 -         ..
940421 -        Ionization occurs at high temperatures from photons colliding
940422 -        with atoms and knocking electrons loose. ref OF 29 PPYU
940424 -         ..
940425 -        When we look out in the sky, we're actually looking backwards
940426 -        in time.  Light from more distant objects takes longer to reach
940427 -        us and thus we are observing now how they appeared in the past.
940428 -        We can see back a few billion years with the light of galaxies.
940429 -        ref OF 29 PRQR
940431 -         ..
940432 -        Origin of structure discussed. ref OF 29 PSVS
940434 -         ..
940435 -        Top Down Scenario on structure forming in universe. ref OF 29
940436 -        PSXY
940438 -         ..
940439 -        Bottom-Up Scenario........... ref OF 29 PTQP
940441 -         ..
940442 -        Universe is thought to have emerged 14 billion years ago with
940443 -        the "big bang." ref OF 29 E444
940444 -
940445 -
940446 -
940447 -
9405 -

SUBJECTS
Anthropic Principle Complementarity Entropic Principle Constants Law

AD03 -
AD0401 -  ..
AD0402 - Anthropic Principle Creation Universe Constants Yield Intelligence
AD0403 - Biology Evolution Holism and Networking Unique Processes in Universe
AD0404 -
AD0405 - Lecture 28 on 040602 presents the anthropic principle discussing how
AD0406 - intelligence appears to be a unique feature in the universe.
AD0407 - ref OF 30 0001
AD0409 -     ..
AD0410 -    Constants of nature expressed in mathematical form, ref OF 30 KN6H,
AD0411 -    that explain universal forces on a microscopic (atomic constants),
AD0412 -    macroscopic (electromagnetic forces) and cosmological levels all
AD0413 -    appear to be extremely fine-tuned in order for life and
AD0414 -    intelligence to evolve. ref OF 30 KQSQ
AD0416 -     ..
AD0417 -    This concern of how conscious creatures, such as ourselves, came to
AD0418 -    be in the Universe is called the anthropic principle, and has three
AD0419 -    forms; weak, strong and final. ref OF 30 LRTX
AD0420 -
AD0421 -        a.  Weak Anthropic Principle:
AD0422 -
AD0423 -            The observed values of all physical and cosmological
AD0424 -            quantities are not equally probable but they take on values
AD0425 -            restricted by the requirement that there exist sites where
AD0426 -            carbon-based life can evolve and by the requirements that
AD0427 -            the Universe be old enough for it to have already done so.
AD0428 -            ref OF 30 3Y7H
AD0430 -             ..
AD0431 -        b.  Strong Anthropic Principle:
AD0432 -
AD0433 -            The Universe must have those properties which allow life to
AD0434 -            develop within it at some stage in its history. ref OF 30
AD0435 -            4Z8O  Because:
AD0436 -
AD0437 -            1.  There exists one possible Universe `designed' with the
AD0438 -                goal of generating and sustaining `observers'.
AD0439 -                ref OF 30 3151 or...
AD0441 -                 ..
AD0442 -            2.  Observers are necessary to bring the Universe into
AD0443 -                being (participatory universe). ref OF 30 3X8L or...
AD0445 -                 ..
AD0446 -            3.  An ensemble of other different universes is necessary
AD0447 -                for the existence of our Universe, ref OF 30 0158
AD0449 -             ..
AD0450 -        c.  Final Anthropic Principle:
AD0451 -
AD0452 -            Intelligent information-processing must come into existence
AD0453 -            in the Universe, and, once it comes into existence, it will
AD0454 -            never die out. ref OF 30 3160
AD0455 -
AD0456 -
AD0458 -  ..
AD0459 - Life Unique to Earth in Universe Anthropic Principle Begs the Question
AD0460 - Tautology Anthropic Circular Reasoning We Exist to Ask Questions
AD0461 - Begs the Question Tautaulogy Circular Reasoning Criticizes Anthropy
AD0462 - Circular Reasoning Tautaulogy Anthropic Principle Begs the Question
AD0463 -
AD0464 - Schombert lecture 25 continues...
AD0465 -
AD0466 -    The usual criticism of any form of the anthropic principle is that
AD0467 -    it is guilty of a tautology or circular reasoning. ref OF 30 PQWS
AD0469 -     ..
AD0470 -    Error in analysis occurs using a conclusion as a premise, which is
AD0471 -    criticized as argument that "begs the question" with circular
AD0472 -    reasoning because there is no actual support for the conclusion.
AD0474 -     ..
AD0475 -    Complex issues involving many steps in the chain of causation makes
AD0476 -    the falacy of circular reasoning harder to detect.
AD0477 -
AD0478 -
AD0479 -                           How do we know
AD0480 -                      what happened at the crime
AD0481 -
AD0483 -           ..
AD0484 -          Observer A is a good
AD0485 -         witness because she gives            We have Observer A's
AD0486 -           a detailed account                account for the details
AD0487 -             of the crime
AD0488 -
AD0490 -                           ..
AD0491 -                          Observer A's Account
AD0492 -                      matched details of the crime
AD0493 -
AD0495 -     ..
AD0496 -    With the respect to our existence and the Universe, the error in
AD0497 -    reasoning is that because we are here, it must be possible that we
AD0498 -    can be here.  In other words, we exist to ask the question of the
AD0499 -    anthropic principle.  If we didn't exist then the question could
AD0500 -    not be asked.  So there is nothing special to the anthropic
AD0501 -    principle, it simply states we exist to ask questions about the
AD0502 -    Universe. ref OF 30 4RYR
AD0504 -     ..
AD0505 -    An example of this style of question is whether life is unique to
AD0506 -    the Earth.  There are many special qualities to the Earth (proper
AD0507 -    mass, distance from Sun for liquid water, position in Galaxy for
AD0508 -    heavy elements from nearby supernova explosion).  But, none of
AD0509 -    these characteristics are unique to the Earth.  There may exist
AD0510 -    hundreds to thousands of solar systems with similar characteristics
AD0511 -    where life would be possible, if not inevitable.  We simply live on
AD0512 -    one of them, and we would not be capable of living on any other
AD0513 -    world. ref OF 30 3188
AD0514 -
AD0515 -
AD0516 -
AD0518 -  ..
AD0519 - Symmetry Breaking Pressures During Big Bang Expanded Spacetime
AD0520 -
AD0521 - Schombert lecture 25 continues...
AD0522 -
AD0523 -    ...because of symmetry breaking at the GUT unification point,
AD0524 -    spacetime and matter separated and a tremendous amount of energy
AD0525 -    was released.  This energy produced an overpressure that was
AD0526 -    applied not to the particles of matter, but to spacetime itself.
AD0527 -    Basically, the particles stood still as the space between them
AD0528 -    expanded at an exponential rate. ref OF 30 3237
AD0530 -  ..
AD0531 - Schombert seems to be citing the grand unifying theory (GUT) presented
AD0532 - in lecture 17, ref SDS 0 ED6I, which indicates that unification
AD0533 - remains speculation because the law of gravity cannot be integrated
AD0534 - with other forces of nature. ref SDS 0 8UST
AD0536 -  ..
AD0537 - Even if unification were a somewhat settled fact, like gravity, which
AD0538 - seems not to be the case presented in lecture 24 saying the theory of
AD0539 - unification is not complete, ref SDS 0 7P6I, Schombert's analysis of
AD0540 - antorhpy remains unsatisfying to explain how a single force of
AD0541 - complementarity (symmetry, binary structure) yield life and
AD0542 - intelligence that operate with evident free will to interrupt
AD0543 - particles and waves bouncing about in the universe according to the
AD0544 - laws of nature.  Intelligence alone seems to defy the laws of nature??
AD0546 -  ..
AD0547 - Actually, five (5) processes of nature have no evident driving force,
AD0548 - and may influence evolution of order in the universe, reviewed in
AD0549 - lecture 15, ref SDS 22 486I, that complements rising entropy...
AD0550 -
AD0551 -            1.  Emergence........................ ref SDS 22 486I
AD0552 -            2.  Complementarity.................. ref SDS 22 GT4O
AD0553 -            3.  Symmetry......................... ref SDS 0 4G7G
AD0554 -            4.  Anthropy......................... ref SDS 0 QP5L
AD0555 -            5.  Entropy.......................... ref SDS 21 566F
AD0557 -  ..
AD0558 - We have a curb-side guess that emergence and entropy may fluctuate
AD0559 - (oscillate) through complementarity cycles of rising and falling order
AD0560 - in the universe, based on mathematics of undecidable questions, or
AD0561 - something like that. (see analysis of 2nd law, ref SDS 21 FK5H, and
AD0562 - discussion of emergence, ref SDS 22 GT6L)  Hawking's discussion of
AD0563 - black holes seems to have potential for cyclical emergence of order,
AD0564 - and decay through rising entropy, as well. ref SDS 0 WO3L  Anthropic
AD0565 - prinicple seems like a more sophisticated version of emergence,
AD0566 - constructing not only rising order in complex structures, but very
AD0567 - complex structures that can move about, learn, and change their mind,
AD0568 - etc, expressing "free will."
AD0570 -  ..
AD0571 - Complementarity, which may be another term for binary structure,
AD0572 - ref SDS 22 ZG8F, seems to be very powerful in nature, ref SDS 22 O69O,
AD0573 - and greatly debated, reported in lecture 1. ref SDS 20 RR9K
AD0575 -     ..
AD0576 - Schombert lecture 28 continues...
AD0577 -
AD0578 -    During inflation, ref SDS 0 6N8K, the Universe expanded a factor of
AD0579 -    10^54, so that our horizon now only sees a small piece of what was
AD0580 -    the total Universe from the Big Bang. ref OF 30 3245
AD0581 -
AD0583 -     ..
AD0584 -    Earth Crust Formed 4 Billion Years Old Life Began About Same Time
AD0585 -
AD0586 -    The Earth's crust became stable about 3.9 billion years ago.  Life
AD0587 -    appeared around 3.6 to 3.9 billion years ago, which is quite fast
AD0588 -    in astronomical terms.  Microfossils found in ancient rocks from
AD0589 -    Australia and South Africa demonstrate that terrestrial life
AD0590 -    flourished by 3.5 billion years ago.  Older rocks from Greenland,
AD0591 -    3.9 billion years old, contain isotopic carbon, carbon that could
AD0592 -    only have belonged to a living organism.  The early atmosphere of
AD0593 -    the Earth was a secondary atmosphere from volcanic outgassing, very
AD0594 -    CO2 rich with little free O2. ref OF 30 3RWW
AD0596 -     ..
AD0597 -    With the construction of large macromolecules, such as proteins and
AD0598 -    nucleic acids, the Earth is poised for the next stage of
AD0599 -    biochemical evolution. ref OF 30 3337
AD0601 -     ..
AD0602 -    Life Defies Laws of Nature Positive Complexity Adapatability
AD0603 -
AD0604 -    Living organisms are the supreme example of
AD0605 -    active matter.  They represent the most developed form of organized
AD0606 -    matter and energy that we know.  They exemplify growth, adaptation,
AD0607 -    complexity, unfolding form variety and unpredictability.  Almost
AD0608 -    appearing to be a class apart from matter and energy, defying the
AD0609 -    laws that enslave normal matter and energy. ref OF 30 BZ7J
AD0611 -  ..
AD0612 - Schombert lecture 28 continues...
AD0613 -
AD0614 -    Each level of biology has new and unexpected qualities, qualities
AD0615 -    which cannot be reduced to the properties of the component parts,
AD0616 -    this is known as holism.  A living organism consists of a large
AD0617 -    range of components differing greatly in structure and function
AD0618 -    (heart, liver, hair).  Yet, the components are arranged and behave
AD0619 -    in a coherent and cooperative fashion as though to a common agreed
AD0620 -    plan.  This endows the organism with a discrete identity, makes a
AD0621 -    worm a worm, a dog a dog. ref OF 30 3353
AD0623 -  ..
AD0624 - Holism was presented in lecture 17, ref SDS 0 824J, to explain
AD0625 - "emergence." ref SDS 0 GT6L, including the evolution and growth of
AD0626 - life, ref SDS 0 GU30, which seems complementary to the 2nd law of
AD0627 - thermodynmaics that posits rising entropy (disorcer), discussed in
AD0628 - lecture 5.
AD0630 -  ..
AD0631 - Schombert lecture 28 continues...
AD0632 -
AD0633 -    No living thing exits in isolation.  All organisms are strongly
AD0634 -    coupled to their inanimate environment and require a continual
AD0635 -    throughput of matter and energy as well as the ability to export
AD0636 -    entropy.  From a physical and chemical point of view, every
AD0637 -    organism is strongly out of equilibrium with its environment.  In
AD0638 -    addition, life on Earth is an intricate network of mutually
AD0639 -    interdependent organisms held in a state of dynamic balance.  The
AD0640 -    concept of life is fully meaningful only in the context of the
AD0641 -    entire biosphere. ref OF 30 3361
AD0643 -  ..
AD0644 - The first lecture on 040329 discusses God as the initial cause of
AD0645 - existence, in relation to the locality principle. ref SDS 20 OG7I
AD0647 -  ..
AD0648 - Schombert presents religious aspects of holism as part of the lecture
AD0649 - on 040428 and in relation to quantum mechanics. ref SDS 0 824J
AD0650 - Lecture #20 on 040520 discusses "creation" and explains diesm and
AD0651 - theism as part of the presentation on cosmology. ref SDS 0 X15F
AD0652 -
AD0653 -    Oxygen is a very small component to outgassing on the Earth, yet O2
AD0654 -    is a significant fraction of our current atmosphere (thank
AD0655 -    goodness).  Also note that O2 is highly reactive and combines
AD0656 -    quickly with rock and soil to form oxides (rust).  Thus, the
AD0657 -    current amount O2 requires a constant process of replenishment.
AD0658 -    That process is photosynthesis. ref OF 30 3TPW
AD0659 -
AD0660 -
AD0661 -
AD0662 -
AD0663 -
AD0664 -
AD0665 -
AD07 -